2. Sugars are essential components of nucleic acids.

a) Provide the precise chemical description (anomer, isomer and either pyranose or furanose form) of the circular stereoisomers that are formed by ribose in cells.

b) Which circular stereoisomer (anomer, isomer and either pyranose or furanose form) is found in DNA?

c) Using the language of the unit, give an explanation whether the sugar components of DNA are reducing sugars? . (no more than 50 words; use key words).

In the context of rotational crossbreeding compare the use of crossbred sires relative to the use of purebred sires with respect to: (3 pts)

a. hybrid vigor

b. breed complementarity

c. consistency of performance

d. simplicity

e. accuracy of genetic prediction

Compare to all above, a,b,c,d, and e

How does the ‘bioassay’ GMS testing method differ from the other techniques?

Seed Science & Technology

1. Give a complete, all-encompassing definition of a gene. Discuss each part of your definition. Is the definition of the gene as determined through complementation, recombination, and mutation for prokaryotes directly applicable to eukaryotes or must some additional considerations be taken into account? Explain.

1. Describe/draw/label in detail the process of Transcription & Translation. Make sure to identify all key items and their roles IN UR OWN WORS. (10th grader to understand)

2. Sketch and label a food-web that includes at least 6 different items. Make sure to have the arrows show how energy flows from one trophic level to the next.

Individuals who actively smoke have a much higher rate of lung infection. Explain which first-line defense mechanism may be impaired by smoking which allows pathogens to more readily enter the lower respiratory tract.

Explain the path taken by microorganisms from one specific portal of entry, through the establishment of disease, and end in their exit from one portals in the host.

Steps

a) add 20 grams of oysters to 20 mL of saline to give a 1:2 dilution slurry

b) Transfer 5 grams of the slurry into a conical tube.

c) Prepare a 1:10 serial dilution by adding 20mL of saline to the measured 5 g of slurry ( this step effects a 1:5 dilution but that sample was already diluted 1:2)

d) Prepare a 10^-1, 10^-2, and 10^-3 serial dilution in culture tubes with 9 mL of saline

e) plate 0.1 ml of each dilution onto an agar plate.

f) two plates from the 10^-3 dilution made colonies of 112 colonies and 58 colonies.

1. Show calculations for the serial dilutions with units

2. calculate the CFU/g for each plate with colonies with units

  Suppose that a particular gene that controls coat color in dogs is controlled by four alleles in the population. These alleles are called c^ch (chinchilla dog), c^d (white dog with dark eyes), c^b (pale gray dog) and c (albino dog). The alleles are given from the most dominant to the most recessive. Let’s assume that a particular population of these dogs is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The allele frequencies for our four alleles are:

c^ch = 0.37

c^d = 0.23

c^b = 0.25

c = 0.15

a.    What is the frequency of the c^chc^ch, c^bc, and cc genotypes in this population?

b.    Among a population of 2000 dogs, how many would you expect to have the pale gray phenotype, yet be heterozygous?

c.     Among a population of 5000 dogs, how many would you expect to have the white coat with dark eyes phenotype, yet be heterozygous?

d. Among a population of 15,000 dogs, how many would you expect to have c^chc^bor cc genotypes?

exon shuffling occurred during the evolution of the eukaryotes genome and explains why many proteins shows evidence of a mosaic history? describe limitations to this

Suppose that you were engaged in genetic engineering or pesticide development. What environmental or social safeguards would you impose on your research, if any? What restrictions would you tolerate from someone else concerned about the effects of your work?

Could you give me an example of the answer? Thank you.

Please explain the rationale behind circadian timing of chemotherapy for cancer treatment

it has been observed that malonyl-CoA inhibits palmitic acid oxidation in isolated mitochondria, but that it has little or no effect on the oxidation of octanoic acid ( C8, saturated). Explain this observation.

Disease: Phenyketonuria

Describe the relationship between the disease phenotype (i.e., symptoms) and the

different genotypes with the disease-causing allele. In your description use the terms:

homozygous, heterozygous, dominant/dominance, and recessive.  *Note: this will look

different if your disease is sex-linked!

a.    Next, write out these different genotypes using capital letters for dominant

alleles, and lower-case letters for recessive alleles.