Clearly Identify the Syllogistic Rule(s) broken and Name the Formal Fallacy or Fallacies committed in each of these argumentative Passages:

1) EAO-2

2) OOI-4

3) III-3

The following is a portion of the non-template DNA sequence from the human ras gene. Answer the following questions about this gene and the effects of gene changes to the specified mutant sequence (mutation in BOLD).

Normal human ras: 5’-acatgactgaatataaacttgtggtagttggagctggt-3’

Mutant human ras: 5’-acatgactgaacataaacttgtggtagttggagctggt-3’

a. (4) What is the normal human Ras amino acid sequence from this portion of the gene, starting with the first start codon?

b. (2) Which amino acid from the normal sequence is mutated, and what is the amino acid changed to in the mutant sequence?

c. (3) What type of mutation is present in this gene (nonsense, missense, silent, transition, transversion)? Include all of the listed terms that apply.

d. (1) Is ras a proto-oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene?

e. (3) Describe the normal cellular function of Ras. How might a mutation in ras promote cancer formation, based on this normal cellular function described in your textbook?

Gas Transport: A trout swims from its normal cold water habitat into a warm water cooling pond. Clearly this is a dangerous situation. Heat shock isn’t an issue. It isn’t that warm. But it is still quite a bit warmer than the cold, fast, highly mixed stream that the trout was in before. So, what about the pond water makes it dangerous? In terms of the trout’s blood will the trout be able to extract what it needs from the pond water? Explain. Will the warmer environment affect the exchange of gasses within the trout, say at muscle and other tissues? Explain.

1.Normal fertilization requires changes in the membrane organization of both sperm and oocyte and penetration of the oocyte by a single spermatozoon.

a. What physical, cellular and biochemical molecular processes are necessary for the succesful passage of a spem from the outermost portion of the cumulus oophorus to the oocyte membrane?

b. How does the human sperm nucleus move in the cytoplasm and why does it facilitate the juxtaposition of the material and paternal pronuclei?

c. why is the orientation of pronuclear DNA critical for embryogenesis to proceed and how does it promote pronuclear membrane breakdown (syngamy)

d. What specific defects in the above processes have been shown to result in fertilization or early developmental failure?

Microbiology Question:

Compare covid19 with influenza. How are these viruses similar? How are they different with regard to disease transmission? How are they different in other way?

Human female heterozygotes are unaffected carriers of autosomal recessive diseases. Explain in one paragraph (4-6 sentences) why human female heterozygotes can express mild-to-moderate forms of recessive X-linked disorders.

5. Compare and contrast lumbar curvature and waist to hip ratio specifically in terms of the research. Where is the research lacking? Where are there good point? (Evolutionary biology course PLZ answer it in a broad and clear way. Thank you!) Expert Answer

Describe the selection process of alpha/beta T cells and use the following words in your description: lymphotactin, prothymocyte, double negative thymocyte, double positive thymocyte, single positive thymocyte, cortex, medulla, Hassall's corpuscles, post capillary venule.

sickle cell anemia is a recessive condition. Two diploid parents, heterozygous for sickle cell anemia produce 5 offspring. What is the probability that the parents have 3 or more children with sickle cell anemia? Using binomial distribution.

1. State whether the following are true or false:

a. Y-linked traits are phenotypes only seen in males: TRUE/FALSE

b. Y-linked traits can skip generations in pedigrees: TRUE/FALSE

c. Recessive X-linked traits are observed with equal frequency in males and females: TRUE/FALSE

d. Red-green color-blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. Two color-blind parents can have a son with normal vision: TRUE/FALSE

e. Two color-blind parents can have a daughter with normal vision: TRUE/FALSE

f. Two parents with normal vision can have a color blind son: TRUE/FALSE

g. Two parents with normal vision can have a color blind daughter: TRUE/FALSE

h. Males can be carriers for X-linked traits: TRUE/FALSE

2. Can a gene required for mitosis (e.g. tubulin) be located on the Y- chromosome? on the X- chromosome? Why or why not?

Microbiology

1. Presence of capsules, and toxins make an organism more virulent
          A. True
      B. False

2. Which is a communicable and contagious infection?
       A. Common cold
       B. STD
       C. hepatitis B
       D. HSV 2 Infection

3. Match the step in the postulate with the explanation that shows why the step cannot be accomplished in all situations.
            1. Kotch's postulate: Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease
            2. Koch's postulate: Suspected microorganism must be grown in the laboratory
            3.Koch' s postulate: Suspected microorganism must be cultured in the laboratory. Inoculation of laboratory   gorwn organism into a susceptible host must cause the disease in the host.
            4. Koch's postulate: Disease must be present every time the organism is inoculated into the host
     
          A. Some microorganisms grown only in humans, it would be unethical to inoculate a human host.
      B. One of the following organisms could be isolated from cases of meningitis: Streptotoccus pneumoniae, Neisseriae meningitis, or Haemophilus influenza.
      C. Some hosts carry the organism, but do not present signs or symptoms of the disease
          D. Mycobacterium leprosi, and Trepnema pallidum are two organisms that cannot be grown in the laboratory.


4. DIsease causing organisms have virulence determinants that can be used to overcome the host's immune system
       A. True
       B. False
   

Describe how NKT cells and gamma/delta T cells are different from alpha/beta T cells

Compare human and sea urchin development prior to and after the gastrula stage.

1. You are attempting to identify genes involved in osmotic stress response in Bacillus atrophaeus, a Gram positive endospore former. For your work, you set up a chemostat (continuous) culture. You remove two samples of culture, expose one to a high salt concentration, wait five minutes, and then extract all their mRNA. You then label the control with a green fluorescent die, the experimental with a red fluorescent dye, and then hybridize the mixture to a microarray. Following analysis, the microarray reader generates a list of ratios of fluorescence of the spots on the array calculated as red vs. green. The expression ratios of the first five genes (of many thousands!) are as follows:

Gene A: 1.002

Gene B: 34.271

Gene C: 0.260

Gene D: 27.930

Gene E: 0.997

a. At what stage of growth are your cells in the chemostat?

b. Imagine you repeated the above experiment every day for a week. How might your results compare if done using cells from a continuous culture (as above) vs. from a batch culture? Explain.

c. Based on the microarray data, which gene(s) might be involved in stress response to salt?

d. Which gene(s) might be involved in constitutive (background, needed all the time) functions?

e. Which gene(s) might be involved in a process not essential to survival during times of stress?

f. Confident you have identified a number of genes involved in protecting B. atrophaeus from salt stress response, you decide to begin by studying one further. How might you genetically engineer B. atrophaeus to demonstrate the involvement of this gene in stress response to salt?