1. how is gram stain done?

2. What types of bacteria are stained differently in the Gram stain?

3. What is the key step in the Gram stain that distinguishes between two different cell types? Explain why.

The laboratory reported gram-negative bacteria arranged inside the leukocytes of the pus sample. Other tests confirmed the pathogen was Neisseria gonorrhoeae, indicating Tom had the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea.

4. Describe the shape of the gram-negative bacteria shown in the photo.

Dr. Nelson called Tom to explain the laboratory results and told him that he was required to report cases of gonorrhea to the Public Health Service. He indicated that Tom should expect a follow-up call so that his sexual partners, who may be infected with the pathogen but not yet showing symptoms, can be tested and treated if necessary. Dr. Nelson was confident that Tom would get the prompt and appropriate treatment he needed.

5. Name an antibiotic that could be effective for an uncomplicated case of gonorrhea.

The yellow mutation is an X-linked recessive mutation in Drosophila, causing yellow body color. A yellow-bodied female is crossed to a male with wild type body color to produce F1 progeny. The F1 female progeny and F1 male progeny are then crossed to each other to produce F2 progeny. Among the F2 females

A. all will be yellow body color.

B. 3/4 will be yellow body color.

C. 1/2 will be yellow body color.

D. 1/4 will be yellow body color.

E. none will be yellow body color.

4. Describe the gametophyte(s) and sporophyte of each of the following plants: moss (e.g. Polytrichum), liverwort (e.g. Marchantia), fern (e.g. Ceratopteris), gymnosperm (e.g. pine), and angiosperm (e.g. lily).

13.     Using the Heart Rate Reserve Method, calculate the target heart rate zone for the Tom:

Tom: Age 20; Resting Heart Rate 60; Desired Target Heart Rate Zone: 70% to 85% of Maximum Heart Rate

Show your calculations to earn full credit.

Tom’s Maximum heart rate: (1pts) Show Calculation

Tom’s Heart Rate Reserve (Working Heart Rate): Show calculation (1pts)

Desired Target heart rate range:   Show all calculations for full credit.

              Low range 70% = _____ bpm (beats per minute)(2pts)

                  High range 85% = _____bpm(2pts)

If Tom counted his heart rate for 6 seconds, what would the number be for the above percentages?   For example, a heart rate of 58 beats per minute would be the number 6 when counting for 6 seconds: (2)

70% = ______

85% = ______

14. Using the Heart Rate Reserve Method, calculate the target heart rate zone for the Sally:

Sally: Age 60; Resting Heart Rate 72; Desired Target Heart Rate Zone: 60% to 75% of Maximum Heart Rate.

Show your calculations to earn full credit. Failure to show calculation means a deduction of at least 1 point for each part of the question.

Sally’s Maximum heart rate: (1) Show Calculation

Sally’s Heart Rate Reserve (Working Heart Rate): Show calculation (1pts)

Sally’s Desired Target heart rate range:   Show all calculations for full credit.

Low range 60% = _____ bpm (beats per minute)(2pts)

High range 75% = _____bpm(2pts)

The feature that defines and distinguishes ALL hominins from the apes is:

the fact that we walk on two feet.

Our lack of a tail

Our larger brains than the earlier hominins (like Austrolapithecus).

Our 3-D vision

2. The evolutionary history of plants is studied through 1) comparative studies of living plants and 2) examination of the fossils of extinct plants. What information has the study of fossils contributed to our understanding of plant evolution?

1. Prepared slides of a hyacinth root tip specimen was also examined with a microscope. C The number of cells per zone and the total number of mitotic figures per zone (that is, cells that are in prophase, metaphase, anaphase, or telophase) were recorded. Calculate the length of each zone (in mm and to two decimal places) and the Mitotic Index (M.I.) to one decimal place. Your lab manual shows how to determine the length of each zone in the root tip. 4 marks

          M.I. = number of mitotic figures x 100

                                                           total number of cells

2. Comment on whether there is a difference in mitotic activity as you move through the zones (from Zone 1-4). Is there more activity in one zone compared to another? Why or why not? 4 marks

Answer: Click here to enter text.

Glycolysis (and its sister pathway gluconeogenesis) and the citric acid cycle are often referred to as the Central metabolic Pathways. Identify at least 3 other metabolic in aerobic organisms (animal and or plant) that interact with these two central pathways. Briefly describe the connections and conditions that govern the flow of energy and shared intermediates

Tom [cheek dimples] and Cindy [not] are having a child, and are curious whether their child will have dimples in its cheeks. Dimples is thought to be an autosomal dominant trait.

• What is the chance their first child will have dimples? Explain your reasoning.

• If their first child does not have dimples, what would the chance their second child has dimples? Again, explain your reasoning.

There are different kinds of isomers, describe them.

Name FIVE functional groups and list a property of each one.

Why is carbon so important to life on earth?