Describe the selection process of alpha/beta T cells and use the following words in your description: lymphotactin, prothymocyte, double negative thymocyte, double positive thymocyte, single positive thymocyte, cortex, medulla, Hassall's corpuscles, post capillary venule.

sickle cell anemia is a recessive condition. Two diploid parents, heterozygous for sickle cell anemia produce 5 offspring. What is the probability that the parents have 3 or more children with sickle cell anemia? Using binomial distribution.

1. State whether the following are true or false:

a. Y-linked traits are phenotypes only seen in males: TRUE/FALSE

b. Y-linked traits can skip generations in pedigrees: TRUE/FALSE

c. Recessive X-linked traits are observed with equal frequency in males and females: TRUE/FALSE

d. Red-green color-blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. Two color-blind parents can have a son with normal vision: TRUE/FALSE

e. Two color-blind parents can have a daughter with normal vision: TRUE/FALSE

f. Two parents with normal vision can have a color blind son: TRUE/FALSE

g. Two parents with normal vision can have a color blind daughter: TRUE/FALSE

h. Males can be carriers for X-linked traits: TRUE/FALSE

2. Can a gene required for mitosis (e.g. tubulin) be located on the Y- chromosome? on the X- chromosome? Why or why not?

Microbiology

1. Presence of capsules, and toxins make an organism more virulent
          A. True
      B. False

2. Which is a communicable and contagious infection?
       A. Common cold
       B. STD
       C. hepatitis B
       D. HSV 2 Infection

3. Match the step in the postulate with the explanation that shows why the step cannot be accomplished in all situations.
            1. Kotch's postulate: Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease
            2. Koch's postulate: Suspected microorganism must be grown in the laboratory
            3.Koch' s postulate: Suspected microorganism must be cultured in the laboratory. Inoculation of laboratory   gorwn organism into a susceptible host must cause the disease in the host.
            4. Koch's postulate: Disease must be present every time the organism is inoculated into the host
     
          A. Some microorganisms grown only in humans, it would be unethical to inoculate a human host.
      B. One of the following organisms could be isolated from cases of meningitis: Streptotoccus pneumoniae, Neisseriae meningitis, or Haemophilus influenza.
      C. Some hosts carry the organism, but do not present signs or symptoms of the disease
          D. Mycobacterium leprosi, and Trepnema pallidum are two organisms that cannot be grown in the laboratory.


4. DIsease causing organisms have virulence determinants that can be used to overcome the host's immune system
       A. True
       B. False
   

Describe how NKT cells and gamma/delta T cells are different from alpha/beta T cells

Compare human and sea urchin development prior to and after the gastrula stage.

1. You are attempting to identify genes involved in osmotic stress response in Bacillus atrophaeus, a Gram positive endospore former. For your work, you set up a chemostat (continuous) culture. You remove two samples of culture, expose one to a high salt concentration, wait five minutes, and then extract all their mRNA. You then label the control with a green fluorescent die, the experimental with a red fluorescent dye, and then hybridize the mixture to a microarray. Following analysis, the microarray reader generates a list of ratios of fluorescence of the spots on the array calculated as red vs. green. The expression ratios of the first five genes (of many thousands!) are as follows:

Gene A: 1.002

Gene B: 34.271

Gene C: 0.260

Gene D: 27.930

Gene E: 0.997

a. At what stage of growth are your cells in the chemostat?

b. Imagine you repeated the above experiment every day for a week. How might your results compare if done using cells from a continuous culture (as above) vs. from a batch culture? Explain.

c. Based on the microarray data, which gene(s) might be involved in stress response to salt?

d. Which gene(s) might be involved in constitutive (background, needed all the time) functions?

e. Which gene(s) might be involved in a process not essential to survival during times of stress?

f. Confident you have identified a number of genes involved in protecting B. atrophaeus from salt stress response, you decide to begin by studying one further. How might you genetically engineer B. atrophaeus to demonstrate the involvement of this gene in stress response to salt?

Describe the selection process of alpha/beta T cells and use the following words in your description: lymphotactin, prothymocyte, double negative thymocyte, double positive thymocyte, single positive thymocyte, cortex, medulla, Hassall's corpuscles, post capillary venule

there is no right or wrong answer all you have to do is respond Respond to at least two classmates with substantial posts

High protein diets have commonly been used for intentions such as weight loss or gaining body mass. The reason that a high protein diet is useful for weight loss is because you prioritize your proteins are cut your carbs. Since carbs are a good source of energy, when you take them out, the body begins burning more fat rather than food fuel, where your protein intake is helping give your body nutrients. I personally believe this would be a challenging diet to keep in the long run, because it is hard to constantly have readily available a wide variety of proteins to consume, like beans, fish, lean meats, etc. There is also no need to uphold this diet constantly, because if you are at a healthy weight, incorporating healthy carbs into your diet is important for things like fiber and starch intake. I think the problems that arise with this diet is the conception that all proteins are perfect for this, which is not the case. Consuming things like red meats will always be not good for you due to the high saturated fat content, leading to cardiac diseases. Also, it is good to note that the average body can only use 20-30 grams of protein in protein synthesis, so any more per meal will just go into waste. Another concern with the high protein diet is the risk of kidney failure, damage or stones, because your kidneys would constantly be eliminating all the waste products of protein metabolism,

Phylum Echinoderms

Classes: Crinoidea (sea lilies), Asteroidean (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Exhninoidea (sea urchin & san dollars), Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers).

In short, compare and contrast traits of these classes such difference and similarity of their anatomy, water vascular system, gas exchange, body plan, development features, larval stages.

Thank yooooou!

Name 2 non-traditional configurations of the TCA cycle and what they are used for.

1) Some etiolated seedlings develop hairs on their epidermis when exposed to dim light. Please Describe an experiment to test the hypothesis that a phytochrome is the photoreceptor for this effect?

Describe how/where protein digestion occurs in the body and how zymogenic serine proteases contribute to the process.

After researching neurotensin , decide which part of that peptide pathway to target so a  drug will enhance learning and memory.

a) Which part of the peptide pathway will you target?

b) How will your drug affect that target? Remember to use your core pharmacology concepts to help you decide this.

4) Prepare a 1 page poster (A3 size) advertising your new drug. Your poster must include the following required elements:

a) The name of your new drug (be creative!).

b) A brief description of the peptide pathway your drug acts on, and how this peptide affects learning and memory.

c) An explanation of the mechanism of action for your drug. Use a flow diagram to help explain this.

d) A catchy marketing slogan to advertise your drug. (For the purposes of this exercise, we will disregard the normal regulations that govern the marketing of pharmaceuticals in Australia!).

e) Reference information. You can choose your preferred referencing style, and where you place this information on your poster (although it must be on the same page as the poster, not on the back). There is no minimum number of references.

Explain how smoking alters the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract and leads to emphysema.