Question

1)Explain the humoral immune responses against the upper respiratory tract viruses with mechanisms and functions?

2)Discuss the Humoral immune responses in COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and potential vaccines?

But I need answers to be long please:)

Answer 1

1) Humoral immunity consists of macromolecules that are present in the extracellular fluids for example in the antibodies, complement proteins, and in the antimicrobial peptides. It consists of all body fluids and works along with cell-mediated immunity to effectively eliminate the antigen from the body by forming an antibody-mediated response.

When the viruses get to enter into the body they use host machinery to multiply themselves and during upper respiratory tract infections, it causes T- cells to get activated along with the cytokines to get eliminated the virus from the body by generating antibody immune response and removing the antigen via the process of opsonization. The detailed mechanism involves the activation of B- cells which consists of antibodies that are specifically designed to bind particular antigen. The activation of B-cells involves the binding of T- helper cells to it to complete the complex. After that, they generate an antigen-antibody response and can kill the pathogen by attaching macrophages to the site to clear the foreign particle completely. If the infection is recurrent like influenza virus then the memory B-cells will come into play to destroy the pathogen. If the new virus gets entered into the body then after destroying them the another set of memory B- cells will be produced.

The basic function of Humoral immunity is to generate a specific response against the foreign pathogen entering into the body and also protecting the body from the self-destruction of the body's cells. Thus, it plays a crucial role in differentiating between self versus non- self cells.