As the cancer expert in the Biology Department at your school, NBC news contacts you to discuss the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on cancer risk. The reporter is very interested as she has read several articles on this topic. In particular she wants you to explain the following:

she has read that a combination of BPA with a high fat diet increase the risk of the offspring developing cancer while intake of some natural products (e.g., curcumin) can reduce the risk developing BPA-associated cancers. Can you design an in vivo study looking at the actions of BPA alone or in combination with either high fat diet or curcumin on mammary tumors in mice

These are all part of one question so it can be answered in paragraph format:

1. How is a theory different from a hypothesis?

2. How is a virus different from a bacterium?

3. Do viruses evolve?

4. List various factors that affect the current spread of COVID-19 in the biosphere.

5. How is correlation different from causation - particularly as it relates to the webquest below:

Recently reports have come out in the media and from scientists that people who have been vaccinated against with the MMR vaccine (particularly against measles) have a lower risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 (or least with a less serious infection).

GO DO A WEB QUEST OUT THERE ON THE INTERNET AND RESEARCH THIS A BIT. BE PREPARED TO ARGUE WHETHER OR NOT YOU THINK THIS IS CORRELATION OR CAUSATION

Bob and Mary both suffer from Sickle Cell Disease, an autosomal recessive condition (they have the condition - they are not just carriers). They met in a support group and against their doctor's advice, decide to have a child. What is the probability that their child will NOT have Sickle Cell Disease?

1. The _____ checkpoint can only be passed if the right growth factors have been received from other cells

   		G1/S
   		G2
   		G2/M
   		S

The protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in red blood cells, is a protein complex that consists of 4 separate subunits encoded by 2 genes: One gene encodes the two alpha-globin subunits while the other encodes the two beta-globin subunits. Four functional subunits (2 of each kind) are needed for a functional complex.

If a person carries just one mutant allele for alpha-globin, any complexes containing a copy of the mutant protein are nonfunctional, even if the other alpha-globin subunit is normal. As a result, almost all the hemoglobin produced is nonfunctional.

This is an example of a      mutation.

What gametes are possible from the parental genotype XXYyZz?

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY, but be aware that incorrect choices count against you.

Biochemistry Question

In hypoglycemia, the liver is not utilizing glucose as an energy source while the rest of the body continues to use glycolysis to generate ATP. Explain in detail why this happens. Also, why is the liver not using glucose?

In chickens, a large comb is dominant over a small comb. The gene for comb size is located on an autosome and large combs are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. However, roughly 10% of chickens that have the large comb allele nevertheless have a small comb. This is an example of...

Which of Mendel's Laws refers to the events in Metaphase I of meiosis?

A woman with type A blood has a baby with a man who has type B blood. What are the possible blood types of the baby?

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY but be aware that incorrect answers count against you.

In birds, blue feather color is dominant to yellow feather color, long beaks are dominant to short beaks, and

noisy is dominant to quiet.

On your own paper, draw a forked-line diagram of the cross BbLlNn x bbLlNn and use it to match the phenotypes below to their expected frequencies.The same frequency may be chosen more than once and some frequencies may not occur at all.

A preliminary study of a human T-cell clone indicates that it has been derived by cloning a regulatory ?? T cell. Therefore, the subsequent analyses are expected to detect the presence of [complete the sentence and assess the resulting statements (83-94) as either factually correct (= true) or incorrect (= false)]:

83. TCR ? chain mRNA.

84. CD8 mRNA.

85. CD4 mRNA.

86. AIRE mRNA.

87. IL-2R ? chain mRNA.

88. FoxP3 mRNA.

89. MHC class I ? chain mRNA.

90. MHC class II ? chain mRNA. 91. ?2-microglobulin mRNA.

92. IgG heavy chain DNA.

93. TCR ? chain DNA.

94. TCR ? chain DNA.

Immunological features differentiating naïve B cells activated in primary immune responses from memory B cells functioning in secondary immune responses include the fact that [complete the sentence and assess each subsequent statement (1-7) as either factually correct (true) or incorrect (false)]:

8. the frequency of antigen-specific B cells is lower in secondary immune responses.

9. higher levels of IgM are produced in secondary immune responses.

10. the level of somatic hypermutation is higher in secondary immune responses.

11. B cells do not require T-cell help in secondary immune responses.

12. memory B cells express higher levels of MHC class II molecules.

13. naïve B cells express higher levels of co-stimulatory molecules.

14. the antibody produced is of higher affinity in secondary immune responses.

A single gene in horses determines coat (hide) color. Palomino (‘dove’) horses are heterozygous (Aa), while homozygous recessive (aa) are cremello, and homozygous dominant (AA) are chestnut. A horse rancher buys 80 palomino horses and 20 cremello horses and lets them breed free.

(a) What are frequencies of alleles and genotypes in THIS (parent) generation? Are all genotypes represented? Show your calculations. Is the population at this moment (i.e. in THIS generation) in Hardy-Weinberg balance or not? Explain.

(b) What would be frequencies of alleles and genotypes in NEXT (children) generation if one assumes Hardy-Weinberg balance? (no selection, new mutation, migration, etc.) Show your calculations.

(c) Now assume (for the purpose of the problem) that Hardy-Weinberg balance is violated by selection against cremello horses (which leave less offspring). Relative fitness of both chestnut and palomino is WAA = WAa = 1.0, but relative fitness of cremello, Waa = 0.8 (which means that selection coefficient s= - 0.2). What are frequencies of alleles and genotypes in NEXT generation?

The mathematical equation for heritability is H²= V_G / V_P. ( or H² = V_G / (V_G + V_E). Explain the meaning of the heritability of a trait in a population. Explain the conditions that exist in a population when H² = 0. Explain the conditions that exist in a population when    H² = 1. For most traits in real populations is heritability usually at either of these extremes? Explain

Climate disruption is causing major changes in environmental conditions around the globe. What sorts of changes are expected in the region where you live? What are some likely

consequences in your region? What types of mammals appear to be most at risk in the region where you live?

why does temperature increase during the composting process?

Describe the multiple ways in which the sex of an organism can be determined, including types of hermaphroditism.

25 year old person with complaints like chest pain. She is also experiencing fever, congestion. She is having bad cough and she produces a discolored sputum.sometimes she had this signs and symptoms since last week, after she returned Unites sates(home) from her trip to asia. She mentioned that, she did an emergency appendectomy to remove her appendix while she was in Asia. But she stayed in hospital for only few days. the surgical wound all looks fine.•seems like she's having pneumonia ((maybe it's good idea to take a culture to send to the lab for bacterial identification)only answer the question if you have all the answers for the case stufy form below.

Below is the Case Study Form:

Patient History:

Patient #:_______________________

Family History/Preconditions:

Relevant Recent History:

Signs and Symptoms:

Signs:

Symptoms:

pain scale(comments):

Microbiology

Causative Organism(s):_________________

Modes of Transmission:_________________

____________________________________

Prevention:___________________________

Virulence Factor:

Mechanism of Virulence Factor:

Treatment

Drug Name:__________________________

Class of Drug:________________________

____________________________________

Type of Admission:____________________

Potential Side Effects of Drug Treatment:

Mechanism of Treatment:

Lab Work

Type of Sample Received:_______________

____________________________________

Test(s) To Determine Causative Organism:

Positive Results of Test(s):

Explain the need for municipal wastewater re-use in thermal plants?