Individuals who actively smoke have a much higher rate of lung infection. Explain which first-line defense mechanism may be impaired by smoking which allows pathogens to more readily enter the lower respiratory tract.

Explain the path taken by microorganisms from one specific portal of entry, through the establishment of disease, and end in their exit from one portals in the host.

Steps

a) add 20 grams of oysters to 20 mL of saline to give a 1:2 dilution slurry

b) Transfer 5 grams of the slurry into a conical tube.

c) Prepare a 1:10 serial dilution by adding 20mL of saline to the measured 5 g of slurry ( this step effects a 1:5 dilution but that sample was already diluted 1:2)

d) Prepare a 10^-1, 10^-2, and 10^-3 serial dilution in culture tubes with 9 mL of saline

e) plate 0.1 ml of each dilution onto an agar plate.

f) two plates from the 10^-3 dilution made colonies of 112 colonies and 58 colonies.

1. Show calculations for the serial dilutions with units

2. calculate the CFU/g for each plate with colonies with units

  Suppose that a particular gene that controls coat color in dogs is controlled by four alleles in the population. These alleles are called c^ch (chinchilla dog), c^d (white dog with dark eyes), c^b (pale gray dog) and c (albino dog). The alleles are given from the most dominant to the most recessive. Let’s assume that a particular population of these dogs is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The allele frequencies for our four alleles are:

c^ch = 0.37

c^d = 0.23

c^b = 0.25

c = 0.15

a.    What is the frequency of the c^chc^ch, c^bc, and cc genotypes in this population?

b.    Among a population of 2000 dogs, how many would you expect to have the pale gray phenotype, yet be heterozygous?

c.     Among a population of 5000 dogs, how many would you expect to have the white coat with dark eyes phenotype, yet be heterozygous?

d. Among a population of 15,000 dogs, how many would you expect to have c^chc^bor cc genotypes?

exon shuffling occurred during the evolution of the eukaryotes genome and explains why many proteins shows evidence of a mosaic history? describe limitations to this

Suppose that you were engaged in genetic engineering or pesticide development. What environmental or social safeguards would you impose on your research, if any? What restrictions would you tolerate from someone else concerned about the effects of your work?

Could you give me an example of the answer? Thank you.

Please explain the rationale behind circadian timing of chemotherapy for cancer treatment

it has been observed that malonyl-CoA inhibits palmitic acid oxidation in isolated mitochondria, but that it has little or no effect on the oxidation of octanoic acid ( C8, saturated). Explain this observation.

Disease: Phenyketonuria

Describe the relationship between the disease phenotype (i.e., symptoms) and the

different genotypes with the disease-causing allele. In your description use the terms:

homozygous, heterozygous, dominant/dominance, and recessive.  *Note: this will look

different if your disease is sex-linked!

a.    Next, write out these different genotypes using capital letters for dominant

alleles, and lower-case letters for recessive alleles.

1) Pick one of the phases of mitosis, and compare it to the similar phase in meiosis I and meiosis II. For example, compare and contrast prophase of mitosis with prophase I and prophase II in meiosis. What is similar, and what is different? Use correct terminology (sister chromotids, sister chromosomes, centrosome, ect.)

2) What was something new that you learned from chapter 9? How would you explain this new information to someone interested in learning about inheritance? Did it change your perspective on genetics? How and/or why?

Topic in chapter 9

Mendel’s law of segregation describes the inheritance of a single character.

Mendel developed four hypotheses, described below using modern terminology.

​There are alternative versions of genes (called alleles) that account for variations in inherited characters.

​For each character, an organism inherits two alleles of a gene, one from each parent.

An organism that has two identical alleles for a gene is said to be homozygous for that gene.

An organism that has two different alleles for a gene is said to be heterozygous for that gene.

Five conditions are required to maintain the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in a population.
A. Closed population
B. Large population
C. Random mating
D. No net mutations
E. No natural selection
If any of these conditions is not being met, the allele frequencies in the population will change, leading to microevolution in the population.
Match each of the following scenarios to the Hardy–Weinberg condition that is not being met:

                       An increase in antibiotic resistance among bacteria exposed to antibiotics occurs.

                       Caribou from one herd move to a new area and breed with caribou of a completely different herd.

                       Among eastern bluebirds, more brightly coloured males breed with more brightly coloured females.

                       Due to overhunting, there is little genetic diversity in the current population of bearded vultures, which have all descended from a population of only 36 birds.
  

Define these terms: [ Note: *Singular: (-ium); plural: (-ia)]

Using an interneuron as your point of reference, describe the difference between excitatory graded potentials and action potentials. Include the following in your answer for EACH type of potential.

A) WHERE the potential is generated in the neuron

B) WHAT triggers the generation of the potential (“kind of stimulus” and type of ion channels that open/close)

C) DISTANCE traveled (short/long) and INTENSITY over that distance (constant/decremental)

Choose the correct frequency for the following statements.

Statement
                       A sample of a mouse population has a frequency of 0.18 for the dominant allele for black hair coat (B).

                       A sample of a mouse population has a frequency of 0.32 for heterozygote coat colour individuals (Bb).

                       A sample of a mouse population has a frequency of 0.48 for white coat colour individuals.

Frequency
A. Allele frequency

B. Genotype frequency

C. Phenotype frequency