18. How can E. coli host cells be engineered so that complex proteins with a large number of disulfide bonds are properly folded and therefore produced in an active form rather than as part of an inclusion body?

11. Sometimes the strategy for the expression of a target protein in a host organism involves synthesizing the protein as part of a fusion protein. Why is this approach useful? How is a fusion protein created?

14. A specific target DNA fragment to be integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the host organism can include (1) only the target gene sequence or (2) the entire plasmid, including the target sequence. Explain how each of these results might occur. What are the advantages or disadvantages of the plasmid vector becoming incorporated into the host chromosomal DNA?

Climate change has resulted in the outbreak of infectious diseases especially vector-borne diseases around the globe, discuss. (use at least two specific examples)

Arsenic in drinking water is bad, discuss.

Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic disease that causes the breakdown and loss of retinal cells. Retinitis pigmentosa often starts with decreased night vision and will progress to blindness as retinal cells die.

Several genes have been linked to Retinitis pigmentosa, one of which is GADD. Mice lacking GADD (these mice were experimentally created so that the GADD region of the genome was deleted) have increased expression of non-retinal genes in retinal cells. In other words, in these mutant mice, genes that are not normally expressed in the retina are expressed.  

Crx is a key retinal transcription factor. Crx binds regulatory elements called CBRs (Crx-binding regions). GADD has two CBRs, one immediately proximal to the transcription start site (TSS), and one a few hundred base pairs downstream of the TSS.

You have received DNA from three patients with Retinitis pigmentosa. From the DNA, you sequence the GADD gene and its proximal/core promoter region.   

None of the patients have mutations in the coding region of GADD. All of the mutations you find are in the CBRs. Your findings are below:

• Patient 1 – Mutation in CBR1
• Patient 2 – Mutation in CBR2
• Patient 3 – Mutation in CBR1 and CBR2

Question 7

If you compared histone acetylation in the GADD CBRs between retinal cells and cheek cells would you expect to see more histone acetylation in retinal cells or cheek cells? Explain your answer.

Question 8

How can mutations in non-coding regions cause a change in phenotype (in this case leading to retinitis pigmentosa)? . Note: you do not have to give all possible reasons, explanations of one or two ways mutations in non-coding regions can have phenotypic effects is sufficient.

Question 9

Based on the phenotype of the mice lacking GADD, and what we’ve learned about gene expression what type of protein might GADD be? Explain your answer.

describe some mutation repair mechanisms

• Virus A has an R₀ of 2
• Virus B has an R₀ of 11
• Virus C has an R₀ of .5

If you assume it takes ONE DAY for each of these viruses to infect the new people, then how many people will be infected by each of these viruses after 17 days?

Match the following Actin Binding Protein (ABP) with its functional description:

Cite your results for the change in carbon dioxide concentration in Procedure II as a reference and compare the rates of cellular respiration for sun-adapted and shade-adapted leaves. Explain the biological principles/bases underlying this comparison.

Gene therapy – How is CRISPR cas9 used to change faulty genes? (basic description of the process is fine). Describe how changing a gene could be used to disrupt HIV (remember the immune cell membrane example from early in the term) and to help immune cells fight cancer. What are some ethical considerations for editing genes in humans?

what is PCR and how is it used in Microbiology?

2. Also in tulips, petal shape is inherited as a Mendelian characteristic. Curled petals are recessive to straight petals. If a true breeding tulip for pink with white stripe and curled petals is crossed with a true breeding tulip for yellow, straight petals what will be the F1 phenotype or appearance? What will the F2 generation look like? Complete two, dihybrid Punnett squares to support your answer.