Define “epidemiology” and briefly discuss three key developments in epidemiology from Snow until the present. How do the terms “epidemic” and “pandemic” relate to and differ from each other? Identify and discuss a recent example of epidemic and pandemic. You must cite and reference at least one scholarly source in APA.

This is a question for my biochemistry class. I have copied and pasted it below. This is all that was given to me.

Diagram the flow of genetic material in a cell.

Anthony was a normal, full-term baby at birth. Beginning at about 8 months of age, he suffered from a series of infections such as sinusitis, otitis media, and pneumonia. All of these conditions were successfully treated with antibiotics, but within a few weeks of the resolution of one infection, another would occur. Now at about three years old, Anthony is examined by a pediatrician who notes that he lacks tonsils. After speaking to Anthony’s mother, she reveals that she had a male relative die at infancy from an infectious disease. The pediatrician orders laboratory tests that reveal that the quantity of immunoglobulin in Anthony’s serum is about one-fifth of normal, and that there is a marked deficiency in the number of circulating B-lymphocytes in his blood. However, tests determine that the functional state of Anthony’s T-lymphocytes are all normal. The doctor diagnosis Anthony with a genetic disorder.

1. What genetic disorder does Anthony have?

2. What is the cause of this genetic disorder?

3. Why did Anthony lack tonsils?

4. What treatment(s) will Anthony need and for how long?

5. Explain why Anthony was free of infections in the first 8 months of life.

6. The infections that Anthony had are mostly caused by bacteria. Explain why he was more prone to bacterial infections than viral infections.

A plastid is an organelle found in many eukaryote cells. Would you expect the plastid DNA of photosynthetic dinoflagellates, diatoms, and golden algae to be more similar to the nuclear DNA of plants (domain Eukarya) or to the chromosomal DNA of cyanobacteria (domain Bacteria)? Explain

The late paleontologist Steven Jay Gould proposed the following thought experiment, imagine you could “rewind the tape” back to immediately after the first life appeared on the Earth. Further, assume that the physical ABOTIC events of history did not change, in other words, Earth experienced the same volcanic eruptions, the same asteroid strikes, and so forth. Given this scenario, do you believe we would end up with very similar life forms to what we observe today, or would life forms be fundamentally different?

With respect to PSII activity, what is the difference between specific activity and total activity ?

If the Citric Acid cycle was altered such that no NADH molecules were generated from the oxidation of acetyl CoA but instead FADH2 molecules were generated, how would this affect the number of ATP molecules generated from a molecule of glucose? Briefly explain your answer.

1. A researcher wants to clone genes using recombinant gene technology as part of a genome sequencing project. There are eight steps below. First, cross out the two steps that are not part of this process. Then, put the remaining six steps in the correct order.

A Insert recombinant plasmid into bacterium.

B Cut the genome into fragments using restriction enzymes.

C Determine activity using laser.

D Use DNA Ligase.

E Make cDNA using reverse transcriptase.

F Grow bacteria and add clone to genomic library.

G Cut bacterial plasmids with restriction enzymes.

H Combine DNA fragments and cut plasmid DNA.

What is the Ramachandran plot and how are the bond angles used to understand protein structure?

1:in ehich ecosystem, southern live oak woodland or chaparral, do you expect to have more mammal species? why?

2:in ehich of the two ecosystem do you expect the number of total individual animals to be more than the other one? why?

3:how do you conpare the umber of primary consumers and higher level consumers in each of these ecosystems?

4:how do your findings relate the principle of ecology of these ecosystems and how is the body size imprtant answering this question?

thank you.

1.In terms of primer design, what can be done (at least in the case of most genes) to ensure that any amplification of contaminating genomic DNA is not mistaken for amplification of cDNA in RT-PCR reactions? Explain why this works.

b.What properties make actin a suitable housekeeping gene for expression analysis? What is another example of a housekeeping gene?

c.Eukaryotic cells contain several classes of RNA, of which messenger RNA (mRNA) is just one. What are these classes of RNA and what proportion of the total RNA does each of them typically comprise?

2.. From what source were reverse transcriptases originally obtained from ? (now they are made recombinantly)? Briefly describe the process of reverse transcription.  

What are some of the roles that tool use and climate change may have played in shaping the adaptive flexibility and evolutionary success of H. habilis relative to australopithecines living at the same time? How might modern climate change and the development of technology influence human adaptive flexibility and our evolutionary future?

nvestigation of Factors Affecting the Rate of Diffusion

In addition to the concentration gradient (i.e. the difference in the concentration of particles between two environments) there are many other factors known to affect the rate of diffusion including;

temperature

the size of the diffusing particles

the viscosity of the medium through which the particles move

The purpose of this exercise is for you to work in groups to design experiments to test two of the factors listed above. You will be provided with access to the materials described below including;

0.5% malachite green (mw 927.1)

       1% potassium permanganate (mw 158.04)

       0.5% potassium permanganate

       1% agar plates (maximum of 2 per group)

2% agar plates (maximum of 2 per group)

plastic straws that could create uniform wells in the agar

discs of paper and forceps

pipettes (to dispense small volumes of solutions)

crushed ice and zip lock baggies

State your hypotheses and describe your experimental designs in the spaces below and then discuss these with your instructor/TA before continuing. Be sure you have considered appropriate controls, the number of replicates you intend to run and what data you are going to collect.

Hypothesis #1 (1 mark)

Experimental Design #1 (1 mark)

Hypothesis #2 (1 mark)

Experimental Design #2 (1 mark)

What are some of the things that led to the classification of the Homo genus? In other words, how does Homo differ from Australopithecus/Paranthropus?

Q1.

a. Dynamic changes in chromatin organization and the management of individual linear chromosomes mark key
activities of the different stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle and cellular reproduction. Describe how chromatin
amount and structure vary throughout the cell cycle, and how management of individual chromosomes varies
between mitosis and meiosis to produce the different outcomes of these processes.

b. RNA is often considered to be a more versatile macromolecule than DNA. Discuss the different roles of RNA
in eukaryotes.