Linda is a half marathon runner. She read an article in a runner’s magazine promoting a new sports beverage that contains protein. She has always used a traditional carbohydrate-rich sports beverage, and has had great results. However, she wonders if this new product would work even better and help her run faster.
Would this new sports beverage containing protein work well for Linda?
        
How much protein should Linda be consuming before and during a half marathon?

Immunoassays can use polyclonal or monoclonal antibody preparations.

a) How do polyclonal antibodies differ from monoclonal antibodies?
(Marks: 2)
b) Describe one immunoassay that requires the use of polyclonal antibodies.
(Marks: 4)
c) Describe one immunoassay that requires the use of monoclonal antibodies.
(Marks: 4)

Kara is a 14-year-old, 125-pound, high school basketball player. She has been feeling fatigued and sore lately, and has been sick three separate times in the last 3–4 months. Kara typically eats the following on a daily basis:
7 AM: 10–12 oz orange juice (at home before school)
11:30 AM: 2 cups macaroni and cheese, and a small fruit cup (lunch in school cafeteria)
3 PM: granola bar (before basketball practice)
7 PM: 2–3 cups spaghetti with tomato sauce, 1 piece garlic bread, 10 oz skim milk (at home after practice)
10 PM: 2 cups ice cream (bedtime snack)
Why is Kara feeling fatigued, sore and sick? What dietary recommendations would you give to Kara? Please be specific with your recommendation, especially regarding protein intake

Question 1) Microscopy. Give realistic examples for (i) standard light microscopy, (ii)

immunofluorescence microscopy, and (iii) electron microscopy on how these three distinct forms of

microscopy can be used to examine biological questions in cell and molecular biology. Indicate

limitations for these techniques, including if living cells or tissue or fixed (dead) samples are involved,

what resolution is reasonably possible (smallest object that can be seen) and if special reagents such as

antibodies are needed.

Consider the ecosytem energy required for various foods in the human diet. Describe ways to conserve ecosystem energy by incorporating principles of energy flow between trophic levels.

During cellular respiration, what happens to the 6 carbons in glucose?

5. Explain how cell division is different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Also, compare the DNA of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

4. Discuss mitosis: Name all the stages of mitosis. Describe the main events that happen during each phase.

Bioinformatics:

What could be some of the reasons why your query sequence did not exactly match the sequence in the database (think of sampling, sequencing, and biological reasons).

How to draw a regulatory graph of enzyme glycogen phosphorylase with high ATP and low glucose, with axes labeled, 3 plots on the graph and labeled with given regulators and no regulator present, and plots the correct shape

.What is the mechanism of the lipase? How do you think the enzyme specifies the cleavage of the C-1 and C-3 fatty acids from TAG? (hydrophobic, stearic, hydrophilic or ... )

What are viruses composed of? How do they differ from cellular life? What is their basic life cycle? Describe lytic and lysogenic cycles in bacteriophages. What are three hypotheses about how viruses originated?

1. (i) Explain why it is important to assign individuals to species. (ii) What is a species concept? (iii) Name and formally define one species concept. (iv) Explain ONE of the weaknesses associated with the concept named in (iii). Critically discuss the question of what is a species. please explain in details and clear

2. (i) What is sudden speciation? Describe, using a specific example, the process of sudden speciation. (ii) What is ecological speciation? Describe, using a specific example, the process of ecological speciation. please explain in details and clear

3. The marine fauna on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of the Isthmus of Panama includes a broad range and large number of closely related species pairs. Name the model of speciation responsible for this pattern and explain its main features and how it differs from allopatric speciation by peripheral isolation. please explain in deep details and clear

In humans, the huntingtin gene is essential for nerve cells to function effectively. People with Huntington’s disease have 2 different copies of the huntingtin gene – one normal and one mutated. The mutated huntingtin gene (HD) is caused by an excess of codons (CAG) that code for the amino acid glutamine. The HD gene is responsible for deterioration of the nerve cells, which leads to loss of one’s ability to move, feel and think.

Can you design an RNAi drug that targets only the HD gene and not the normal huntingtin gene?