3.This experiment explores the concept of osmosis, with a hands on experiment using potatoes and salt water in your kitchen at home. Be sure to read the instructions for the potato experiment

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in the lab handout ahead of time so you can get the materials you need for the lab before you do it!

In your prelab, you explored diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. In that activity, small particles could easily pass through the semipermeable dialysis membrane. But all semipermeable membranes are not equal! Before starting this lab, consider the following.

A living membrane is considered to be semipermeable. Is it permeable to the same substances as the dialysis membrane used in prelab? Which of the following substances do you expect to passively move through the plasma membrane of potato cells? Pick all that apply.  

Group of answer choices

sodium ions

chloride ions

water

4.The passive movement of solutes across a living membrane is called  .

The passive movement of water across a living membrane is called  .

Scenario 1:

Upon entering the classroom you notice two small glass tanks on the table. One of them contains many active crustaceans (Daphnia) swimming around. The other tank is cloudy and it appears as though all of the Daphnia are dead! You also notice a half-empty bottle of glucose in the trashcan. Your mission is to figure out what happened and why.

You have at your disposal the following items:
   Microscope, slides, coverslips, etc.
   Biuret and Benedict’s reagents and the necessary equipment to perform these tests

1.   What are your observations?

2.   Could there be something in the water that killed the Daphnia? What could that something be?

3.   Formulate a hypothesis as to what you think might be in the “death” tank based simply on the few observations you have at the moment.

4.   What experiment would you perform to test your hypothesis?

5.   Let’s assume the results of your experiment support your hypothesis. (Check with instructor, then proceed.) State the results of your experiment.

6.   Given that your hypothesis is supported, propose an explanation as to why the Daphnia died in terms of osmosis, diffusion, tonicity and the effects of hyper/hypo-tonic solutions on living cells.

List the four steps of the scientific method and describe what you did in the above scenario as it relates to each of those steps.

Scenario 2:

1.   You are walking through the woods when you discover a small twitching blob. You think it might be alive so you bring it to class. Unfortunately by the time you get to class, it is no longer twitching. Your instructor decides to let you dissect it. When you cut the blob open you see a round mass of tissue in the center of the blob so you cut into it. You make a slide from that tissue and look at it under the microscope. What you see is a confusing mass of cells. It appears as though the cells have branches. Within the cell body you see a single nucleus. What do you think this tissue/cell type might be? And what would its function be?

2.   Next you remove a piece of some very tough tissue. Under the microscope you see linear strands of fibers that appear to have striations in them. You wonder what would happen if you applied an electric current to this tissue in the blob. Your instructor gets an electrode and applies a mild electric current. The tissue twitches! What type of tissue do you think this is? What is its function?

3.   With all of this cutting, the blob begins to leak. You examine the fluid under the microscope and see many individual cells all with a nucleus. What type of cells do you think these are? Which other animal cell type do these cells resemble?

Scenario 3:

It’s twenty past the hour and you are late to biology lab. When you arrive, you find your classmates gathered outside the door and the Professor is nowhere to be found. You then notice that everyone is hovered around some spatters of red liquid inside the doorway. Has your professor been injured? You’d better find out.

What are your observations?

What are some hypotheses you could make about the situation based on your observations?

You and your classmates decide to examine the red liquid to find out exactly what it is. Your initial thought is to see what you can find under the microscope. You first need to prepare your slide. What would you need and how would you do this?

After you get the slide on the microscope all you see is darkness. What might be the problem?

Describe how you would manipulate the microscope to first center your specimen and then focus in on your image.

After some adjustments, you are able to focus on some tiny oval shaped structures. Each contains a purple stained dot in the center. As you scan around you also see some smaller, rounder structures that are also stained purple. Could this be the blood of you missing Professor or is there no cause for alarm?

Scenario 4:

Your pet dog has a stomach ache. The veterinarian, in order to help determine the cause of the ache, will attempt to identify the contents of its stomach. What tests could the vet perform and what results might you expect him/her to find?

Scenario 5:

You return from a bathroom break during your lab class on diffusion and osmosis, having just drank half a bottle of water. You return to find that your water has been moved and your lab partners are looking your way, pointing to the bottle, and snickering. You then catch a glimpse of an empty salt packet on the table. Are your lab partners trying to be funny? How would you determine whether or not they had poured the salt in your water without drinking it?

1. List five questions about the rate at which Alka-Seltzer^® tablets dissolve if the temperature was held constant and one of the controlled variables was changed. Develop a new hypothesis based on one of the questions. Remember that a hypothesis must be testable with empirical or measurable data.

Briefly describe human pseudoautosomal regions. Why did they evolve? How do they differ from other regions of X and Y? Provide information you feel is relevant and key to their existence.

What could lead to depresses hormone levels?

What type of control does the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary and how? Neural or hormonal?

What is the cause of diabetes insipidus? Any connection between this type of diabetes and ADH (antidiuretic hormone

PLEASE ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. THANK YOU ! ! :)

1.What makes up the spliceosome? What is the function of the spliceosome?

2.What is RNA editing? Explain the role of guide RNAs in RNA editing.

3.How do the mRNAs of bacterial cells and the pre-mRNAs of eukaryotic cells differ? How do the mature mRNAs of bacterial and eukaryotic cells differ?

4.Draw a typical eukaryotic gene and the pre-mRNA and mRNA derived from it. Assume that the gene contains three exons. Identify the following items and, for each item, give a brief description of its function:

a.5' untranslated region

b.Promoter

c.AAUAAA consensus sequence

d.Transcription start site

e.3' untranslated region

f.Introns

g.Exons

h.Poly(A) tail

i.5' cap

5.A geneticist discovers that two different proteins are encoded by the same gene. One protein has56 amino acids, and the other has 82 amino acids. Provide a possible explanation for how the same gene can encode both of these proteins.

Define logistic growth and sketch a sample growth of this type of growth. in what type of situation would logistic growth occur?

how do you set up a 16 box Punnett square

Define positive cooperativity and negative cooperativity.  How are these related to oxygen binding/release, and how is this impacting the T or R states?  

1. An important aspect of food processing is being able to follow the flow of materials as they travel through each step of the operation. You need to know where your losses are occurring and how large they are. This is particularly important if you are going to be able to make any improvements to improve the overall yield by reducing these losses. In the following example, we will examine a hypothetical process and perform some mass balance and heat calculations on it in order to gain a better understanding of how it is operating.
   
   A processor has 800 kg of fresh cranberries which are to be made into cranberry sauce. Approximately 6% of the total weight of the cranberries is stems plus other waste material or inferior quality berries that will be removed from the cranberry sauce during its processing. The processor likes the finished cranberry sauce to be somewhat lower in moisture content than the initial 87% moisture of the cranberries. 80% moisture is viewed as optimal since much of this product will be used in applications where a lower moisture content is more desirable.

   Consider the following fictitious process:         

   i).      The cranberries are sent to a temporary storage area where they are held at 8⁰C. Assume that there is no weight change in this step of the process.

   ii).     The entire 800 kg batch of cranberries is washed in a large vat of water at 8⁰C and checked for quality. The stems and other waste material which float to the surface (plus any inferior berries) are then skimmed off and immediately discarded. The remaining cranberries are dried gently to remove the excess surface moisture from the washing step.

   iii).    The remaining cranberries are mashed to expose the contents of the berries. They are then heated to their boiling point of 103⁰C (sugars present in the cranberries raise its boiling point beyond that of pure water).

   iv).    The desired amount of water is boiled off (the mixture is still at 103⁰C).

   v).     The remaining product is cooled to 25⁰C and filled into plastic containers.

   Assumptions:            No water is added to the initial mixture

   All parts of the cranberry contain 87% moisture.  

   This is actually not true, but it will simplify the problem for you.

   Note:   This is NOT a terribly difficult question from a mathematical point of view. However, it is rather involved and needs to be approached in a structured or disciplined manner. I would urge you (actually, I beg you) to draw a flow diagram showing where the various materials go as they are being processed. Each step in the process may be represented by a separate square on your diagram. You can include temperatures etc. on this diagram and show where materials are added or removed to help you follow the process. Take your time with this problem and don’t become frustrated with it.

   Please allow me to “ramble on” a little bit about my past experiences with questions such as this.

   The key to solving this problem is to organize the information in such a way as to allow you to understand what is happening. I have given problems similar to this in Assignment 2 for quite a few years and I always emphasize that the problem cannot be solved unless you sit down and draw a flow diagram to illustrate what is happening. Invariably, I end up with a flood of e-mails saying that they cannot do the problem or that the problem is too weird to do. When I ask to see a copy of their flow diagram, they tell me that they haven’t done one. It seems to me that they consider drawing a diagram as a sign of some intellectual weakness and that they should be able to follow the flows of materials in their heads without the use of such trivial aids as drawing a picture. You cannot possibly calculate the weights of water and solids throughout the process if you have no idea where things are going. The flow diagram is actually your road map to the final solution. Once you understand where things are going, everything else should start to fall into place.

   Thank you for indulging me and letting me share my frustrations with you.

   Now you can get to work on the problem. (18 marks total)

   First, draw a process flow diagram to show what is happening

   Then, calculate the following:  

   a).    The weight of stems and other waste material that is removed. Express your answer to one decimal place.

   b).    The amount of water removed from the cranberry sauce (after the stems and other waste material have been removed).  

   c).     The amount of cranberry sauce obtained from the initial 800 kg of cranberries.  

   d).    The amount of heat that must be added to cook the cranberry sauce and drive off the desired amount of water. For simplicity, use 2,257kJ/kg as the heat required to evaporate 1 kg of water at 103⁰C. While this is not the exact number for this temperature, it is close enough for the purpose of this problem.

   e).    The amount of heat that must be removed from the finished cranberry sauce to cool it to the desired final temperature. Recognizing that the final cranberry sauce has a lower water content than the initial cranberries, we need to reflect this in the value of the specific heat capacity for the finished product. I have taken the liberty of calculating the Cp of the final 80% moisture cranberry sauce as being approximately 3.517 kJ/kg K. Please use this value in your calculations if needed.   

would you expect more cooperation in an ant colony where the queen ant mated with one male, or with many males? and why?

PLEASE I NEED AN ANSWER SOON

List the 5 steps of the lytic Viral Replication Cycle of a Bacteriophage and briefly describe each of those steps. More correct, relevant detail is better.

Why are cells inoculated on agar plates for bacterial transformation, as compared to liquid culture in growth bacterial?

In cocker spaniels, solid coat color is dominant (S) over spotted coat (s). Suppose a true-breeding solid-colored dog is crossed with a spotted dog, and the F1 dogs are interbred.

What is the probability that the first puppy born will have a solid coat?

What is the probability that the solid-coated puppy in the previous question is homozygous for the solid coat allele?

What is the probability that if four puppies are born, all of them will have a spotted coat?

What is the probability that if six puppies are born, 2 of them would have a spotted coat and 4 of them would have a solid coat? Please round your answer to the nearest hundredth or leave as a fraction.

The following two individuals are crossed: Aa Bb Cc Dd x Aa bb Cc Dd What proportion of the progeny will have the following genotype? Express as either a fraction or as a decimal] Aa Bb CC dd p=

What is the probability that one of the progeny will have all dominant OR all recessive phenotype? p=