Question

Hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide promote the release of oxygen from hemoglobin. This regulation of oxygen binding by hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide is called the ________ effect.

Fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen more tightly than does adult hemoglobin owing to weaker ____________ binding, stabilizing the T state and lowering the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This allows oxygen transfer from maternal to fetal blood.

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by the substitution of a single specific amino acid in one hemoglobin chain. ____________, the other prevalent inherited disorder of hemoglobin, is caused by the loss or substantial reduction of a single hemoglobin chain.

Answer 1

1, Hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide promote the release of oxygen from hemoglobin. This regulation of oxygen binding by hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide is called the BOHR s effect

Bohr s effect is a phenomenon discovered by  Danish physiologist Christian Bohr, 1904. The association of CO2, hydrogen ions increases oor decreases the  oxygen release in the hemoglobin. When the level of CO2 is more, it reacts with water forming carbonic acid which decrease the pH. A decrease in pH increases the release of oxygen from hemoglobin. When the level of CO2 decreases, pH increases, promoting absorption pf oxygen by hemoglobin (Voet, 2013)

2, Fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen more tightly than does adult hemoglobin owing to weaker 2,3- bisphosphoglycerate binding, stabilizing the T state and lowering the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This allows oxygen transfer from maternal to fetal blood.

The change of amino acid residue from histidine to serine in the foetal hemoglobin causes less binding efficiency to 2,3-BPG. This low binding efficiency increases the oxygen affinity of the foetal RBC from the mother.

3, Sickle-cell anemia is caused by the substitution of a single specific amino acid in one hemoglobin chain. Thalessemia, the other prevalent inherited disorder of hemoglobin, is caused by the loss or substantial reduction of a single hemoglobin chain.

Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia are two prevalent inherited disorders of hemoglobin.

Thalessemia is due to decreased or absent of production of any one of the subunits of the hemoglobin. Mostly alpha and beta subunits reduction is seen. It results in production of less hemoglobin and destruction of RBC resulting in anemia.b