6. BSA has the following amino acid profile compared with the average of known vertebrate proteins:

Based upon this data, is BSA a good standard to use in the Bradford assay? Explain your answer.

The Na –glucose symport system of intestinal epithelial cells couples the \"downhill\" transport of two Na ions into the cell to the \"uphill\" transport of glucose, pumping glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient. If the Na concentration outside the cell ([Na ]out) is 153 mM and that inside the cell ([Na ]in) is 19.0 mM, and the cell potential is -49.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum ratio of [glucose]in to [glucose]out that could theoretically be produced if the energy coupling were 100% efficient. Assume the temperature is 37 °C.

Suppose gene A is on the X chromosome, and genes B, C and D are on three different autosomes. Thus, A- signifies the dominant phenotype in the male or female. An equal situation holds for B-, C- and D-. The cross AA BB CC DD (female) x aY bb cc dd (male) is made.

A) probability of obtaining A- individual in F1

B) probability of obtaining an a male in the F1 progeny

C) Probability of A- B- C- D- female in F1

D) How many different F1 genotypes are there?

E) Probability of F2 individuals will be heterozygous for the four gens?

F) Determine a probability of each of the following types in the F2     individuals  

(1) A- bb CC dd (female);  

(2) aY BB Cc Dd (male);  

(3) AY bb CC dd (male);  

(4) aa bb Cc Dd (female)

Skeletal system 1.list the major organs in this body system. 2. Describe ( in detail) the normal function of this body system. 3. Identify and explain about 3 common diseases that affect this body system. Describe diagnostic testing used to detect the disease and treatment modalities for each. 4. List 2 changes that are relevant to the body structure and function of this body system in children. 5. List 2 changes that are relevant to the body structure and function of this body system in the elderly. 6. What is one weird,gross,strange,or interesting thing about this system?

1.)A.)The lac operon is inducible by the presence of lactose. Loss-of-function mutations in the lacI gene, which encodes the lac repressor (pick all that apply):

A.)slow down the isomerization of lactose into allolactose
B.)decrease the amount of permease activity in the cell in the presence of lactose.
C.)prevent loss-of-function lacZ mutations from making the lac operon uninducible
D.)are recessive to wild type

B.)Mutations that eliminate the lacO operator site (pick all that apply):

A.)slow down the isomerization of lactose into allolactose
B.)decrease the amount of beta-galactosidase in the cell in the presence of lactose
C.)prevent lacS superrepressor mutations from making the lac operon uninducible
D.)are recessive to wild type

C.)Loss-of-function mutations in the lacZ gene, which encodes beta-galactosidase (pick all that apply):

A.)slow down the isomerization of lactose into allolactose
B.)decrease the amount of permease activity in the cell in the presence of lactose
C.)prevent lac repressor from binding the lacO operator site
D.)prevent IPTG from inducing the lac operon

D.)You are studying the Tory operon, which encodes the TorA and TorB genes, and is normally inducible by Torose. You find a mutation, m1, that causes the Tory operon to be uninducible. You examine the merodiploid (m1 TorA+ TorB-)/(+ ToryA- TorB+) and find that Tor A is uninducible and TorB is inducible. You conclude that:

A.)m1 acts in cis
B.)m1 acts in trans

Enzymes (or their production) are often regulated in a negative or positive way, depending on whether they are related to anabolic (building) or catabolic (breaking down) reactions. Please describe, in your own words, why excess of products might inhibit enzymatic activity for anabolic reactions but why excess of reactants might stimulate enzymatic activity for catabolic reactions. This question is pretty complex, so take your time to develop your thoughts prior to typing your answer. The best answers should incorporate aspects of bioenergetics, genetic expression, and cell biology.

Ubiquitination relies on 3 enzymes E1, which activate ubiquitin; E2, which are the conjugating enzymes, and E3 enzymes, which help guide the E2 enzymes to specific substrates. In any given cell there are just a couple types of E1 enzymes, several types of E2 enzymes that partner with small subsets of E3 enzymes, and even more types of E3 enzymes, which bind with small subsets of specific protein substrates. Given this information, which of these mutations would you hypothesize to be the most harmful to a cell?"

1) Which of the worms (flatworms, roundworms, or earthworms) shows segmentation? What are the advantages of having a segmented body?

2) Describe the adaptations that have allowed squid to evolve a predatory, highly active lifestyle.

How does the stomata control transpiration in plants?

a) Three nucleotides are inserted into a protein-encoding gene. The insertion occurs such that the mRNA transcript has an additional 3 bases (NOT a stop) right next to the stop codon (on the 5’ side). Which of the following will be the result?

b) Which of the following are consequences of encoding each amino acid using 3 nucleotides in the Genetic Code? (mre than one)

You want to use retroviruses to deliver DNA to a type of cells to promote certain phenotype. Before you start, you want to estimate the delivery efficiency. The cells are spread on a solid support and covered with an aqueous medium. The culture dish is 6 cm in diameter and the medium is 6 mm deep. You add the virus particle at the top of the medium. The virus has a half life of 8 hours in solution. The diffusion coefficient of the virus is 10^-7 cm²/s.

(a) Estimate the fraction of virus particles that reach cells within their half life when the medium is stagnant. Hints: (1) using scaling analysis to find out the time scale for the virus to diffuse from top to bottom; (2) assume death of the virus follows the kinetics of first order reactions.

(b) Comment on the efficiency of delivery. Suggest approach(es) to improve the delivery efficiency