Describe how renewables will participate in the smart grid, making it more robust. Highlight what you think are the four most important attributes.

Three linked traits in garden pea plants are each controlled by two alleles. Yellow pods are recessive to green pods, bluish green seedlings are recessive to green seedlings, and creeper is recessive to normal. A plant heterozygous for all three traits was crossed to a creeper plant with yellow pods and bluish green seedlings. The following F2 results were obtained: 171 green pods, bluish green seedlings, creeper 307 yellow pods, green seedlings, creeper 13 green pods, green seedlings, normal 2067 green pods, green seedlings, creeper 165 yellow pods, green seedlings, normal 10 yellow pods, bluish green seedlings, creeper 2033 yellow pods, bluish green seedlings, normal 316 green pods, bluish green seedlings, normal a. Determine the allele arrangement in the heterozygous parent. b. Determine the gene order of these three linked genes. c. Construct a linkage map showing the map distances between the three genes. d. Calculate an interference value.

1) What were the first animals like?

2) Compare the diversification of plants and animals. When do major body plans appear in these groups (for animals, think different phyla, and for plants, think algae/land plants/vascular plants/seed plants/angiosperms) and over how long a period of time do new plans appear)?

3) Why is bilateral symmetry strongly associated with cephalization, the concentration of the sense organs in an anterior ahead?

Problem 1. Mitochondria may be prepared from cells and tested in cell free experiments. If supplied with pyruvate and oxygen, isolated mitochondria are capable of aerobic metabolism.

C. You as the investigator measure the energy state of the mitochondria as the ratio [NADH]/[NAD+]

1. Describe how the ratio is high and low for high and low energy charge, respectively

2. You remove the supply of oxygen. Explain how the ratio changes in response

3. You add an inhibitor of ATP synthase. Explain how the ratio changes in response

D. You as the investigator makes three measurements at the end of a test that lasts 10 min (exact time is not important). You measure 10 nmol (10-9 moles) of pyruvate consumed (this number is important). You also measure the nmol of CO2 and citrate produced.

1. Explain how 30 nmol of CO2 were produced.

2. Explain how 0 nmol of citrate were produced.

3. Based on the measurements above, predict how many nmol of acetyl-CoA were produced. Explain.

What are three potential functions of transmembrane proteins and why are they important?

In a neuron with a complex morphology such as a cortical pyramidal cell, explain how features such as dendritic spines, dendritic shape and non ligand-dependent ion channels in the membrane affect spatial and temporal summation of post synaptic potentials.

What is an isocratic separation? What is a gradient separation? Describe a gradient
elution in normal phase and in reverse phase.

Define therapeutic range/level and lethal dose. What units are associated with these
terms?

1. Explain the basic mechanism of separation in an HPLC column with emphasis on mobile

phase, solid phase, retention time, normal phase, reverse phase and selectivity.

topic: adolescent use of protective measures to prevent dental caries in their permanent teeth

Briefly explain how the scientific method could be used to address one issue related to the topic above.

How do the four levels of protein structure affect the shape of enzymes and why is this important for enzyme function? Explain the "lock and key" model of enzyme function using the terms substrate, active site, and product.

1) What is the event that marks the transition from haploid to the diploid stage of the life cycle and what event marks the transition back to the haploid stage again. Describe the timing of these two cellular even in life cycles that are dominated by haploid cells, dominated by diploid cells or that have alternation of generations.

2) What are the closest relatives of land plants? How do you know this? What do these relatives tell us about the ancestors of green plants -- where did they live? How big were they?

3) Why was it the green algae that gave rise to land plants -- why don’t we have relatives of red or brown algae living on land?

“In the model organism E. coli, recombination mediated by the related XerC and XerD recombinases complexed with the FtsK translocase at specialized dif sites, resolves dimeric chromosomes into free monomers to allow efficient chromosome segregation at cell division. Computational genome analysis of Helicobacter pylori, a slow growing gastric pathogen, identified just one chromosomal xer gene (xerH) and its cognate dif site (difH). Here we show that recombination between directly repeated difH sites requires XerH, FtsK but not XerT, the TnPZ transposon associated recombinase. xerH inactivation was not lethal, but resulted in increased DNA per cell, suggesting defective chromosome segregation. The xerH mutant also failed to colonize mice, and was more susceptible to UV and ciprofloxacin, which induce DNA breakage, and thereby recombination and chromosome dimer formation. xerH inactivation and overexpression each led to a DNA segregation defect, suggesting a role for Xer recombination in regulation of replication. In addition to chromosome dimer resolution and based on the absence of genes for topoisomerase IV (parC, parE) in H. pylori, we speculate that XerH may contribute to chromosome decatenation, although possible involvement of H. pylori's DNA gyrase and topoisomerase III homologue are also considered. Further analyses of this system should contribute to general understanding of and possibly therapy development for H. pylori, which causes peptic ulcers and gastric cancer; for the closely related, diarrheagenic Campylobacter species; and for unrelated slow growing pathogens that lack topoisomerase IV, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.”

article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC332523

What is one intrinsic problem with circular DNA molecules during homologous recombination? How does this effect cell division?

Bacteria with circular chromosomes typically contain site-specific tyrosine Xer recombinases and dif sites. Why are these recombinases and dif sites important to the bacterial cell?

Briefly explain how the XerC and XerD recombinases function in E.coli.

How does the H.pylori Xer recombinase system differ from the E.coli system? How is it similar?

E.coli typically removes topological links between concatenated DNA by using topoisomerase IV. H. pylori seems to lack topoisomerase IV. If this is the case, how does H. pylori deal with circular DNA dimers and/or multimers?

One of your friends is preparing for a run in a marathon. She has heard about eating a pasta dinner to glycogen load the evening prior to the marathon. Explain in biochemical terms what glycogen loading is and how it works? Please include hormonal controls, key enzymes and a discussion of both liver and muscle in the process.