1. The human immune system has a lot of back-up plans built into its design. Many cells and other immune components have similar roles. Provide an example of two components that have similar or identical roles in the immune system.

2. If you had to choose, do you feel it would be more detrimental to a person's health to have no T cells or no B cells? Which do you think would impact a person’s overall health more profoundly? Why?

3. Pathogens have many “tricks” to avoid immune detection and “buy time” to establish an infection. If you were a pathogen, which ONE of the following components of the immune system do you believe would be the most helpful to avoid or disable? Provide the reason why you selected it and any support for your choice.

a) Phagocytic cells

b) Inflammation

c) Complement

d) Cytokines

1. Define Paraphilia’s.

Contrast Fetishism with Transvestic fetishism.

Contrast Sexual Sadism to Sexual Masochism.

Define and describe Autoerotic Asphyxia.

Define Exhibitionism with an example.

Contrast Voyeurism with Frotteurism.

What causes some Orders to have many species and others few? For example, there are only three species in the Order Proboscidea.

Define & Describe 7 NEUROTRUTHS you feel are ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY to address in Gender-Specific Behavior thus demonstrating male & female brain ARE NOT THE SAME.

Case Study 49 Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Peritonitis

Setting: Hospital

Index Words: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ileostomy, nutrition, assessment, skin care, patient education

C.W. is a 36-year-old woman admitted 7 days ago for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with small bowel obstruction (SBO). She underwent surgery 3 days after admission for a colectomy and ileostomy. She developed peritonitis and 4 days later returned to the operating room (OR) for an exploratory laparotomy, which revealed another area of perforated bowel, generalized peritonitis, and a fistula tract to the abdominal surface. Another 12 inches of ileum were resected (total of 7 feet of ileum and 2 feet of colon). The peritoneal cavity was irrigated with normal saline (NS), and 3 drainage tubes were placed: a Jackson-Pratt (JP) drain to bulb suction, a rubber catheter to irrigate the wound bed with NS, and a sump drain to remove the irrigation. The initial JP drain remains in place. A right subclavian triple-lumen catheter was inserted.

1. C.W. returns from post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU) on your shift. What do you do when her bed is rolled into her room?

2. You pull the covers back to inspect the abdominal dressing and find that the original

surgical dressing is saturated with fresh bloody drainage. What should you do?

3. C.W. has a total of 4 tubes in her abdomen, as well as a nasogastric tube (NGT). What

information do you want to know about each tube?

4. The sump irrigation fluid bag is nearly empty. You close the roller clamp, thread the IV

tubing through the infusion pump, check the irrigation catheter connection site to make

certain it is snug, and then discover that the nearly empty liter bag infusing into C.W.’s

abdomen is D5W, not NS. Does this require any action? If so, give rationale for actions,

and explain the overall situation.

CASE STUDY PROGRESS

The physician arrives on the unit and removes C.W.’s surgical dressing. There is a small “bleeder” at the edge of the incision, so the physician calls for a suture and ties off the bleeder. You take the opportunity to ask her about a morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump for C.W., and the physician says she will write the orders right away.

5. Postoperative pain will be a problem for C.W. after the anesthesia wears off. How do you

plan to address this?

6. Pharmacy delivers C.W.’s first bag of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The physician has

instructed you to start the TPN at a rate of 60 ml/hr and decrease the maintenance IV rate

by the same amount. What is the purpose of this order?

7. The physician did not specifically order glucose monitoring, but you know that it should

be initiated. You plan to conduct a finger stick blood test every 2 hours for the first several

hours. What is your rationale?

8. C.W.’s blood glucose increased temporarily, but by the next day it dropped to an average of 70 to 80 mg/dl and has remained there for 2 days. Her VS are stable, but her abdominal wound shows no signs of healing. She has lost 1 kg over the past 3 days. What do this data mean?

CASE STUDY PROGRESS

You discuss your concerns with C.W.’s physician, and she agrees to request a consult from a registered dietitian (RD). After gathering data and making several calculations, the RD makes recommendations to the attending physician. The TPN orders are adjusted, C.W. begins to gain weight slowly, and her wound shows signs of healing. Nutritional problems in clinical populations can be complex and often

require special attention.

9. You and a co-worker read the following in C.W.’s progress notes: “Wound healing by

secondary closure. Formation of granular tissue with epithelialization noted around edges.

Have requested dietitian to consult on ongoing basis. Will continue to follow.” Your

co-worker turns to you and asks whether you know what that means. How would you

explain?

10. Both of you start to discuss what specific digestive difficulties C.W. is likely to face in the

future. What problems might C.W. be prone to develop after having so much of her

bowel removed?

11. The RD consults with C.W. about dietary needs. You attend the session so that you will

be able to reinforce the information. What basic information is the RD likely to discuss

with C.W.?

12. After 3 days of dressing changes, C.W.’s skin is irritated, and a small skin tear has appeared

where tape was removed. How can you minimize this type of skin breakdown and help

this area heal?

13. What specifics of ostomy teaching do you plan to do?

CASE STUDY PROGRESS

C.W. successfully battled peritonitis. Gradually, tubes were removed as she grew stronger with TPN and time. C.W. learned how to change her ostomy appliance and was discharged home.

Case Study 49 Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Peritonitis

Setting: Hospital

Index Words: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ileostomy, nutrition, assessment, skin care, patient education

C.W. is a 36-year-old woman admitted 7 days ago for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with small bowel obstruction (SBO). She underwent surgery 3 days after admission for a colectomy and ileostomy. She developed peritonitis and 4 days later returned to the operating room (OR) for an exploratory laparotomy, which revealed another area of perforated bowel, generalized peritonitis, and a fistula tract to the abdominal surface. Another 12 inches of ileum were resected (total of 7 feet of ileum and 2 feet of colon). The peritoneal cavity was irrigated with normal saline (NS), and 3 drainage tubes were placed: a Jackson-Pratt (JP) drain to bulb suction, a rubber catheter to irrigate the wound bed with NS, and a sump drain to remove the irrigation. The initial JP drain remains in place. A right subclavian triple-lumen catheter was inserted.

1. C.W. returns from post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU) on your shift. What do you do when her bed is rolled into her room?

2. You pull the covers back to inspect the abdominal dressing and find that the original

surgical dressing is saturated with fresh bloody drainage. What should you do?

3. C.W. has a total of 4 tubes in her abdomen, as well as a nasogastric tube (NGT). What

information do you want to know about each tube?

4. The sump irrigation fluid bag is nearly empty. You close the roller clamp, thread the IV

tubing through the infusion pump, check the irrigation catheter connection site to make

certain it is snug, and then discover that the nearly empty liter bag infusing into C.W.’s

abdomen is D5W, not NS. Does this require any action? If so, give rationale for actions,

and explain the overall situation.

CASE STUDY PROGRESS

The physician arrives on the unit and removes C.W.’s surgical dressing. There is a small “bleeder” at the edge of the incision, so the physician calls for a suture and ties off the bleeder. You take the opportunity to ask her about a morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump for C.W., and the physician says she will write the orders right away.

5. Postoperative pain will be a problem for C.W. after the anesthesia wears off. How do you

plan to address this?

6. Pharmacy delivers C.W.’s first bag of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The physician has

instructed you to start the TPN at a rate of 60 ml/hr and decrease the maintenance IV rate

by the same amount. What is the purpose of this order?

7. The physician did not specifically order glucose monitoring, but you know that it should

be initiated. You plan to conduct a finger stick blood test every 2 hours for the first several

hours. What is your rationale?

8. C.W.’s blood glucose increased temporarily, but by the next day it dropped to an average of 70 to 80 mg/dl and has remained there for 2 days. Her VS are stable, but her abdominal wound shows no signs of healing. She has lost 1 kg over the past 3 days. What do this data mean?

CASE STUDY PROGRESS

You discuss your concerns with C.W.’s physician, and she agrees to request a consult from a registered dietitian (RD). After gathering data and making several calculations, the RD makes recommendations to the attending physician. The TPN orders are adjusted, C.W. begins to gain weight slowly, and her wound shows signs of healing. Nutritional problems in clinical populations can be complex and often

require special attention.

9. You and a co-worker read the following in C.W.’s progress notes: “Wound healing by

secondary closure. Formation of granular tissue with epithelialization noted around edges.

Have requested dietitian to consult on ongoing basis. Will continue to follow.” Your

co-worker turns to you and asks whether you know what that means. How would you

explain?

10. Both of you start to discuss what specific digestive difficulties C.W. is likely to face in the

future. What problems might C.W. be prone to develop after having so much of her

bowel removed?

11. The RD consults with C.W. about dietary needs. You attend the session so that you will

be able to reinforce the information. What basic information is the RD likely to discuss

with C.W.?

12. After 3 days of dressing changes, C.W.’s skin is irritated, and a small skin tear has appeared

where tape was removed. How can you minimize this type of skin breakdown and help

this area heal?

13. What specifics of ostomy teaching do you plan to do?

CASE STUDY PROGRESS

C.W. successfully battled peritonitis. Gradually, tubes were removed as she grew stronger with TPN and time. C.W. learned how to change her ostomy appliance and was discharged home.

Case Study 49 Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Peritonitis

Setting: Hospital

Index Words: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ileostomy, nutrition, assessment, skin care, patient education

C.W. is a 36-year-old woman admitted 7 days ago for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with small bowel obstruction (SBO). She underwent surgery 3 days after admission for a colectomy and ileostomy. She developed peritonitis and 4 days later returned to the operating room (OR) for an exploratory laparotomy, which revealed another area of perforated bowel, generalized peritonitis, and a fistula tract to the abdominal surface. Another 12 inches of ileum were resected (total of 7 feet of ileum and 2 feet of colon). The peritoneal cavity was irrigated with normal saline (NS), and 3 drainage tubes were placed: a Ja

Laboratory: Enzyme Activity

In this laboratory you will examine factors that affect enzyme activity.

Catalase is an enzyme found in the liver that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. It catalyzes the following reaction:

H2O2 H2O + O2

You will examine two factors that affect its activity.

Part A: The Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

Graph the volume of oxygen produced against the temperature of the solution.

How is the oxygen production in 30 seconds related to the rate of the reaction?

At what temperature is the rate of reaction the highest? Lowest? Explain.

Why might the enzyme activity decrease at very high temperatures?

Why might a high fever be dangerous to humans?

What is the optimal temperature for enzymes in the human body?

Part B: The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity

Graph the volume of oxygen produced against the pH of the solution.

At what pH is the rate of reaction the highest? Lowest? Explain.

Why does changing the pH affect the enzyme activity?

Research the enzyme catalase. What is its function in the human body?

What is the optimal pH for the following enzymes found in the human body? Explain. (catalase, lipase (in your stomach), pepsin, salivary amylase)

I would highly appreciate if it was in a text form not handwritten.

Thank you very much.

Passive and Active Transport Questions

Many fruits are canned and preserved in a concentrated sugar solution. Using what you have learned, explain how this stops bacterial growth.

Before refrigeration, people often stored meat packed in salt to act as a preservative. How does salt preserve meat?

Your response to this question should be at least two paragraphs

I would highly appreciate if it was in a text form not handwritten.

Thank you very much.

Did you know that the majority of your body is composed of only four elements: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen? These elements interact (along with others in smaller amounts) to form the major molecules and compounds in the body. How do atoms (the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element) interact with one another? Describe the different types of chemical bonds that can be formed between atoms.

Part A - Homeostasis Overview
Homeostasis is essential to body function. The parts of a homeostatic control system communicate and work togetheInput
connect each term to the appropriate sentence describing its function within a homeostatic control system.

Control center
Stimulus
Effector
Output
Response
Receptor

: provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus
: monitors and responds to changes in the environment
: effector feeds back to reduce the effect of the stimulus and returns the variable to homeostatic level
: control center's information sent to the effector
: determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained and analyzes the input to determine the appropriate output
: sensory information sent to the control center
: produces a change in variabler to influence changes to maintain homeostasis levels.

Part B - Summary of Homeostatic Control
Now that you have studied the components of a homeostatic control system and their roles, it is time to put that knowledge to use. In this question, you will build a homeostatic control system.
Drag and drop the items below in the appropriate order to represent a negative feedback homeostatic control system for body temperature regulation.

Muscles shiver to
produce heat.Body temperature
rises.Brain sends message
to muscles.Thermoreceptors detect
body temperature.Brain processes
temperature information.

Part C
Match the following.
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

Lateral
Distal
Superficial
Ventral
Medial
Superior
Proximal
Deep
Dorsal
1. above
2. toward the backside of the body
3. away from the midline
4. internal
5. farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
6. toward the midline
7. external
8. close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
9. anterior

Part D
Match the following.
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

Coxal
Brachial
Superior
Tarsal
Crural
Femoral
Deltoid
Sural
Inguinal
Antebrachial
1. above
2. ankle
3. curve of shoulder
4. forearm
5. thigh
6. calf
7. hip
8. groin
9. arm
10. leg

As Americans with our vast wealth and technology, we often stereotype hunter-gathers like the Bushmen as 'primitive'. But how long could you do it? No running water, no automobiles, and (gasp!) no cell phones! Most of the skills and things you currently have would be utterly useless living of the land. How do the Bushmen do it? What skills would you have learn to survive by hunting and gathereing?

whate are the function components found in these three different vectors plasmides ,cosmides and YACs whate size fragments would you insert in to each

If a tree flowers thrice in a year (Oct., Jan. and July) in Northern India, it is said to be

(a) photo and thermo-insensitive

(b) photo and thermo-sensitive

(c) photosensitive but thermo-insensitive

(d) thermosensitive but photo-insensitive.