Draw and/or describe how the edges of objects are encoded in the primary visual cortex.

Draw and/or describe the process of phototransduction from the molecular change in retinal to the change in ion flow through cGMP-gated ion channels. What would happen if a photoreceptor had a mutation that made the phosphodiesterase enzyme constantly active?

3. Name the three vessels that arise from the aortic arch. Describe the routes of arterial blood supply from these vessels to the head and neck, the brain, the thorax, and the upper limb.

4. Describe the pathways and the organs supplied by the midline arteries and by the paired arteries branching off the abdominal aorta.

5. Describe the pathway of arterial supply to the pelvis and the lower limb.

6. Identify the location of pulse points in the limbs, head, and neck.

7. Trace the veins that empty into the superior vena cava as you describe the routes of
venous return from the brain, the head and neck, and the thorax and upper limbs.

8. Trace the veins that empty into the inferior vena cava as you trace venous return from the abdominal organs and from the pelvis and lower limbs.

9. Describe the structure and specific function of the hepatic portal system, and explain the significance of portal-systemic anastomoses.

10. Define atherosclerosis, deep vein thrombosis, venous disease of the lower limb,
aneurysm, microangiopathy of diabetes, and arteriovenous malformation.

11. Trace the cardiovascular circuit in the fetus, and explain how it changes at birth.

12. List some effects of aging on the blood vessels.

If the oxidation of glucose can produce flames, as seen when roasting a marshmallow over a campfire, why don’t we risk internal burns when we swallow a marshmallow and oxidize its glucose with cellular respiration?

predict the impact of small population size upon population genetics. also, explain the advantages of using large population

1. An isolated population of chimpanzees was discovered on an island. Biochemical studies show that 1 out of 9 chimpanzees in this population are homozygous for a mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme, hexokinase. This mutation completely inactivates the enzyme so that no activity is detected in the blood. A female who exhibits hexokinase activity mates with a male who is a carrier of the hexokinase mutation. What is the probability that their first baby chimpanzee will be homozygous for the hexokinase mutation? Assume that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

2. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive, fully penetrant trait in humans.    A man who is unaffected by cystic fibrosis has two unaffected parents and a sister with cystic fibrosis.  The man plans to marry a healthy woman, who was adopted and has no knowledge about her biological parents except that they are both Caucasian. The frequency of cystic fibrosis in the Caucasian population is 1/2500. Assuming that this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the CF gene, what is the probability that this couple's first child will have cystic fibrosis?

How are developmental homeotic genes important to the process of evolution?

1.Even when the activation energy is lowered, endergonic reactions are not spontaneous. What else can enzymes do that causes endergonic reactions to go forward?

2.It is usually very important for eukaryotic cells to obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. However, no transport proteins for these molecules exist in the membrane. Why?

3.How does the glucose cotransporter force glucose to move up its concentration gradient and into the cell?

Why is it argued that biological races do not exist and that race is, instead, a social construct?  

Given the expression profile of CFTR (tissues in which it is normally expressed) in non-affected individuals and what you know about CFTR function and membrane transport, how would dysfunctional CFTR lead to each of the following common cystic fibrosis symptoms? Use proper terms and include specific information relevant to membrane transport in your explanations.

a.Thickened mucus of the lungs, pancreas, and GI tract

b.Increased bacterial infections of the lungs

c. Poor growth and malnutrition

The authors identify a number of IFNg-stimulated genes in their study. They identify 3 genes they suggest are novel because no one has previously shown that these genes have a role in viral control of (-)RNA viruses. Choose one of these genes, identify its function, and speculate as to how it may control viral replication.

http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005263

a) Pick a type of Analytic study and explain it (what is it, how do you set it up, what are you looking for, how is it run), and please give an example or 2....hypothetical's are fine to use. Please provide reference

Tetrodotoxin and lidocaine are both drugs that cause local analgesia or numbness where applied to the skin.  Explain this outcome, with reference to the effects on membrane potentials, ion flux and overall neuronal activity. Would you predict that these drugs could affect other neurons than just those mediating cutaneous sensation? If so, how? If not, why not?

In the human heart, how and why the diastole of 4 chambers occur? *Elaborate diastole of heart*

Could you explain in details cardiac cycle and specifically in the pressure difference between chambers?

A student is a lab isolated DNA from a transgenic mouse, a model used to study heart failure and wanted to perform the following:

1- Amplify DNA
2- Clone the gene of interest
3- Sequence the sequence of the gene that causes heart failure
What does he need to do for each step