B. What are the health consequences of inherited mutations in DNA repair pathway proteins? Can you name a couple mentioned in class? Are there others that you know of?

Define protein-primed DNA replication.

Explain the general process of reverse transcription and integration. Explain the role of tRNA in retrovirus genome replication, the enzymatic activities of the reverse transcriptase enzyme, and the function of the integrase enzyme.

Summarize in one line the cou have been caught outside in a snowstorm for a few days now. Your incredible survivor’s skills enabled you to build a wonderful igloo. Yet, your only chance for survival is to drink some melted snow to avoid dehydration. Unfortunately, you know that that this snow is spiked with 10mM of a very potent toxin, Brooklycidin with a molecular weight of 500 Da (g/mol). The lethal dose of Brooklycidin for humans is 10mg/kg of bodyweight. How much volume of melted snow can you drink before reaching the lethal dose? Would it enable you to survive? *

RNA polymerases interact with specific sections of the DNA double helix in a genome. Mention how those DNA portions are called and all you know about their structure. You will also mention which other types of proteins interact with the DNA and RNA polymerase and how they help control gene expression.

A 45-year-old store manager complained of a burning, gnawing pain, moderately severe, almost always in the epigastric region. The pain is absent when he awakens, appears in midmorning, and is relieved by food but recurs two to three hours after a meal. The pain often awakens him at 1 or 2 a.m. An endoscopic examination and x-ray studies with barium showed normal stomach function but the presence of duodenal ulcers. Gastric analysis demonstrated that the gastric juice pH fell to 1.9 with pentagastrin stimulation (6µg/kg s.c.). Fasting serum gastrin levels were normal. Recommended treatments for this individual follow. Antacids: 15-30 mL of liquid or two to four tablets one to three hours after each meal and at bedtime for six weeks. Histamine (H2) receptor antagonists: cimetidine (300 mg) or ranitidine (150 mg) with each meal and at bedtime for four to eight weeks.

Top of Form

1. What is the diagnosis of this individual?

2. What is the significance of doing a pentagastrin stimulation test? What is the significance of doing a fasting serum gastrin level?

3. What is the function of taking antacids?

4. How do the H2 antagonists act in treating this disorder?

5. What type of dietary and behavioral recommendations would also be suggested for this person?Bottom of Form

Could you explain why progressive shortening in DNA replication occurs (possibly with a drawing of where there is no 3' end to replicate)?

Thanks

** please answer questions thoroughly for good rating**

background:

1. Genes are passed to offspring from parents through both sexual and asexual reproductions. Sexual reproduction provides the opportunity for genetic exchange to take place whereas asexual reproduction on provides for the same genes that were in the parent to be passed on to the offspring. In general, sexual reproduction is a good thing for a species as it allows for genetic exchanges which typically strengthens species. Although as we saw in the first discussion of this module that is not always true.

   There are three general types of lifecycles.

   Type 1
   Haploid (1N) adult organism produces haploid gametes -> gametes from different adults fuse to form a diploid zygote ->meiosis occurs -> resulting haploid cells -> haploid adults

   Type 2
   diploid (2n) adult has cells that undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes -> haploid gametes from different adults fuse ->diploid zygote -> diploid adult

   Type 3
   Diploid adult ->meiosis -> haploid cell (spores) -> haploid adults -> haploid adults produce gametes (sperm and egg) -> gametes fuse to produce -> diploid zygote -> diploid adultFor this assignment, you are assigned an organism (Black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) which may use either or both sexual and asexual reproduction in their lifecycles.

   1)Describe this organism’s life cycle and where genetic exchange might take place in it.
   • 2)Identify if your organisms match more of a Type 1,2, or 3 life cycle as detailed above.
   • 3)If asexual reproduction is a normal part of this organism’s life cycle, propose why asexual reproduction might be an advantage.
   • 4)If the organism does not have an asexual phase in the lifecycle explain why this might be an advantage for this organism.
   • If your organism has a different type of lifecycle from the expected such as males may become females, females many more than males in the population, etc., then explain what environment factors might have led to this difference.

The following kinetic data were obtained for an enzyme in the absence of inhibitor (1), and in the presence of an inhibitor at 5 mM concentration (2). Assume[ET] is the same in each experiment. [S] (mM) (1) v(µmol/mL sec) (2) v(µmol/mL sec) 1 12 4.3 2 20 8 4 29 14 8 35 21 12 40 26

a. Using a graphing program (excel or sigmaplot) construct a Lineweaver burke plot representing the uninhibited reaction and the inhibited reaction on the same plot (to submit your graphs please paste into either a word or a pdf document along with your solutions)

b. What is the equation for each of the lines? (on the graph)

c. Determine Vmax and Km for the enzyme.

d. Determine the type of inhibition and the KI for the inhibitor.

The causative microorganism for leprosy is Mycobacterium leprae, an intracellular bacterium which can grow inside of macrophages. The disease caused by this bacterium exists as a continuum with two extremes. One extreme form of the disease is called tuberculoid leprosy, which is typified by an interferon-g and TNF-a dominated delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) cellular immune response. The second extreme is called lepromatous leprosy dominated by an IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 helper T cell immune response and high levels of serum IgG1 antibody. Between these two diseases: tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy, which immune response is more likely to result in long term control of a Mycobacterium leprae infection and which response will result in continual disease progression. Why did you choose a particular infection for long term control; why did you choose a particular infection for disease progression?

Once you have sequenced the genome, you still do not know what it means. You just have a sequence of bases. What are ways you can identify if a sequence of DNA is a gene?

Photosynthesis is a process that takes place within the chloroplast of the A. titanium plant and this process requires a lot of proteins and various enzymes that are produced by cytosolic ribosomes. Explain, briefly, the process and specialized features that these proteins must have/undergo to make their way to the chloroplast. (2-3 sentences).

1. List the four major classes of macromolecules, and their monomers. (see review chart on p. 52)
2. Distinguish between monomers and polymers.
3. Differentiate between dehydration and hydrolysis reactions.

Carbohydrates

4. Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
5. Describe the structure and function of a monosaccharide.
6. List the component monosaccharides of the following disaccharides
   • Maltose
   • Sucrose
   • Lactose
7. The WHO recommends that how much of our daily calories should come from sugar?
8. High consumption of sugar has been correlated with what types of health problems?
9. What is the structure and function of starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin?
10. Which polysaccharides are made by plants? By humans? By insects?

Provide experimental evidence for auxin’s involvement in:

a. embryo patterning

b. root formation

c. cotyledon/leaf formation

d. vein formation

e. cell elongation

f. photo- and gravi-tropism

g. apical dominance