What features did the cells you observed have in common? How were they different? - Bacillus Megaterium - Mixed Diatoms - Anaboena - Micrococcus Luteus - Hydra - Saccharomyces - Paramecium

Describe one experimental method used to identify regulatory elements and their domains of regulation (e.g. which tissues are they activated in)

The K+ concentration inside a nerve cell is found to be 20x higher outside the cell than inside the cell, while the Na+ concentration is 20x higher inside versus outside. A. If the membrane potential Em (Ein-Eout) is -77.6 mV, identify the ion that must be transported actively versus the ion that is near equilibrium (assuming ideal conditions). B. The NA+ -K+ -ATPase (or sodium-potassium pump), moves three sodium ions from inside to outside, and two potassium ions from outside to inside while simultaneously hydrolyzing ATP to ADP + Pi. If ATP/ADP is 40 and [Pi] is 25mM, estimate the change in potential (∆µ kJ/mol) for the sodium transport, potassium transport and ATP to ADP + Pi separately (assuming ideal conditions). C. A researcher proposes that perhaps a single ATP hydrolysis is sufficient for two rounds of Na+ /K+ exchange (i.e., move 6 Na+ atoms out and 4 K+ atoms in). Is the hydrolysis of a single ATP sufficient to account for the active transport of ions for a single cycle? For two? Assume ideal conditions & Justify your answer. D. Now imagine we are in non-ideal conditions, and the ionic strength on the inside of the cell is much higher than outside the cell. Considering only the sodium export, will this export be more or less favored when compared to the ideal scenario (Justify your answer)

a) The discovery of ribozymes led to the theory that the evolution of life on Earth began with an “RNA world.” Describe how the current cellular roles of RNA support this theory.

b) Draw a diagram of the transcription and translation of the trp operon under high tryptophan conditions. In addition to the trp operon, show RNA polymerase; the 5` UTR RNA with regions 1, 2, 3, 4, and the string of uracils; and a ribosome.

In a high elevation lake in Peru lives a population of guppies. There are 75 guppies in this lake, 60 of which have blue tails, while the remaining 15 have yellow tails. Tail color in guppies is controlled by a single gene. Which of the following statements about this population of guppies is true?

Beech Bark Disease is a (mostly) fungal disease that was first observed in the US in NYC in the 1950's and is spreading south. It kills mature trees in as little as 5 years. As it spreads through the UGA Botanical Garden, the size of the beech population is reduced by 98%, leaving only the 2% of individuals that exhibit some resistance to the fungus. Over time the population increases to its original size. All of the individuals in the new population exhibit resistance to the fungus, but are more susceptible to root rot disease.

This story is an example of: (Mark all that apply or are described directly)

For these different type of red blood cells , please include how they would look under the microscope. Examples include talking about size,shape,color or the cell/center of the cells. Also any abnormalities to them and any other observations would be helpful!

Pernicious Anemia

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Thalassemia Major

Ovalcytosis

Spherocytosis

Hemoglobin C

Phosphate pollution is caused by

(a) sewage and phosphate rock

(b) sewage and agricultural fertilizers

(c) phosphate rock only

(d) agricultural fertilizers only.

Phototropic and geotropic movements are linked to

(a) gibberellins

(b) enzymes

(c) auxin

(d) cytokinins

Make a sketch that shows a carbon atom and the molecule it is a part of before soil is wet. A second sketch should show the same carbon atom now as a part of CO₂ in the atmosphere. Describe what happened to cause the carbon atom to become a part of a different molecule.