Question

Which type of protein is very important in all of the following: skin, bone, cartilage, and basal lamina? A. Elastin B. Collagen C. Proteoglycan D. Laminin E. None of the above

Which mutation would be more severe? A. Glycine to alanine B. Glycine to arginine

Interactions between cells and the ECM regulate: A. Cell polarity B. Cell growth C. Cell differentiation D. Cell motility E. All of the above!

Answer 1

Q: Which type of protein is very important in all of the following: skin, bone, cartilage, and basal lamina?

Ans: Collagen

Explaination: Collagen is a very important protein with highly productive in the body. It is the protein that is responsible for giving proper structure to skin and administer the blood for its clothing property. It is the protein that is used in lots of nutrients supplements available in the market for body lotion and shampoos because of the glues nature to hold all major parts of the body like skin, cartilage, bone, basal lamina, muscles and many more. These collagens are of a total of 16 types of which four are main types like TYPE I, II, III and IV.  It makes 75 to 80 percent of our skin. Its collagen that provides human a fine polish skin instead of wrinkle skin. However, over the age, our body loses the tendency to produce this collagen so old people get wrinkles. For bones, this collagen provides suppliants of vitamin D which is used by bones to get calcium and stay strong. And we well know the importance of calcium for bones. For the cartilage, it is formed by a unique cell which is called chondrocytes and composed of ECM (extracellular matrix). The collagen helps this ECM to preserve water within the ECM. For basal lamina, type IV collagen is present and it helps by connecting the connective tissue layer to the mucosal layer or epidermis layer.

Q: Which mutation would be more severe?

Ans: Glycine to alanine

Explaination: The glycine alanine is more dangerous than glycine to arginine. The glycine to alanine causes the osteogenesis's imperfecta and another collagen disease. Whereas glycine to arginine causes the mild osteogenesis's imperfecta. The glycine causes the mis sense mutation and replacement of one glycine to alanine in the repeating gly-Xaa-Yaa sequence with a larger residue. Which may causes the severe pathological condition. Glucine to anline mutation are highly under the presented in collagen disease.

Q: Interactions between cells and the ECM regulate?

Ans: All of the above

Explaination: The extracellular matrix present between cells or the intercellular space. ECM is made up of carbohydrates and the network of protein secretion present in between the specialized cell of the multicellular organisms. These matrices bind the cell together and perform the various cellular function like cell adhesion, cell polarity, cell migration or mobility, cell differentiation, cell growth and cell death (apoptosis). ECM is made up of macromolecules which is locally synthesis by residents cell. Polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans are the macromolecules that linked the protein in the form of proteoglycans and the fibrous protein which in the form of structure( collagen elastin ) and adhesive (fibronectin).
The receptor of macromolecules of ECM is present on the surface of the cell. The receptor of the cell are integrins, alphabet, heterodimers are present on the extrinsic surface. The integrins linked to the internal to the cytosol of the cell and externally to the macromolecules of ECM which formed the bridge between the intracellular Fibers and extracellular fiber. By this way, all the growth mediator receptor and hormonal mediator linked to cell through integrins which have specific ligands which cause signal transduction immediately and increase the cellular activities.