Fauna hypotheticus crosses with a closely related animal that has 2n = 40 small chromosomes. They produce a viable hybrid offspring. Studies of the chromosomes of the hybrid animal during meiosis show both paired and unpaired chromosomes.

2.2 a. How many chromosomes are found in somatic cells of the hybrid offspring? (1)

b. Explain why the hybrid animal is sterile. (1)

c. Explain the presence of the paired chromosomes. (1)

give a comprehensive definition of the following term

*antigen
* antibody
* antiserum
* agglutination
* haemoglobin
* polyclonal antibodies
* monoclonal antibodies
* hybridomal cell
* agglutination

Hi, I am struggling to understand this worksheet my professor gave us for practice. Could someone make any sense of this?

The scenario: Sodium is found largely in the extracellular compartment with concentrations between 130-145 mM with intracellular sodium concentrations between 3.5-5mM. This chemical difference gives sodium a large concentration gradient, which when permitted (by opening of a channel or through facilitated transport) will move down its concentration gradient to enter the cell. Sodium also has a favorable electrical gradient; the cellular membrane potential sits at -70mV with the extracellular space sitting at 0 mV. Sodium being a cation, also has an electrical gradient that favors the inward movement of sodium when permitted. If we were to let sodium freely permeate across the cell membrane it would settle at its equilibrium potential where the two forces equally oppose each other. This value is +66mV, sodium would still have a favorable chemical gradient, but an unfavorable electrical gradient. At this point net inward movement down the chemical gradient would equally oppose the net outward movement down sodium's electrical gradient. Answer the questions below based on the above information:

ANSWER CHOICES: chemical gradient, electrical gradient, chemical and electrical gradient, equilibrium point

1. if a cell has a membrane potential of -90mV and sodium is allowed to permeate across the cell membrane, which gradients would sodium be moving down?  

2. if a cell has a membrane potential of -10mV and sodium is allowed to permeate across the cell membrane, which gradients would sodium be moving down?

3. If a cell has a membrane potential of 0 mV and sodium can permeate the cell membrane, which gradients would sodium be moving down?

4. If a cell has a membrane potential of +66 mV and sodium is allowed to permeate across the cell membrane, which gradients would sodium be moving down?

5. If a cell has a membrane potential at +90mV and sodium is allowed to permeate across the cell membrane, which gradients would sodium be moving down?

6. Out of all the above scenerios, which membrane potential would yield the highest net rate of Na+ transport? The lowest?

12. How is regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis achieved in cells? Identify a component of this biosynthetic pathway that would be a good pharmacological target for regulating cholesterol biosynthesis. (6pts)

Question 4. Consider three person embryos – which are designed for couples with a female who carries mitochondrial mutations. In the process, we learned that two women can both have the same mitochondrial DNA mutation – but have radically different phenotypes.

(A) Explain/Describe how two individuals with the same mitochondrial mutation can have different phenotypes. Consider one woman with the mitochondrial mutation in part (A). She has no phenotypic abnormality, but is told she should consider the three person embryos to ensure her children don’t risk disease.

(B) Explain how it is possible her offspring are at risk if she has no phenotypic abnormality?

(C)Describe how it is possible that a mutation could result in paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA. To help, consider why you (probably) don’t have any mitochondria inherited from your father.

Regarding skin cancer, Melanoma,

1) What cell type is affected?

2) Describe the defect in cellular reproduction responsible for the cancer.

3) Discuss therapy available for treatment of the disorder. Does the therapy treat the symptoms or the genetic nature of the disease? Explain.

1) When chemical methods of cell modification are used, how does the construct get into the cells? Briefly (in no more than 2 well-written sentences) explain the process using one particular type of chemical method as your example.

2) Briefly (in no more than 2 well-written sentences) hypothesize about how EITHER gene augmentation strategies OR gene inhibition strategies could be useful for treating a particular disease with gene therapy.

1. Compare calcium chloride transformation, electroporation and transfection. State the benefits and drawbacks of each method and describe the situations in which each method may be used.
2. What are the challenges of using biolistics for genetically modified organisms? Give one case study on the use of biolistics.
3. Explain the use of Agrobacterium tumerfaciens in genetically modifying crops?

26. With respect to alternative endocytosis pathways which statement is CORRECT?

A.Macropinocytosis only occurs when triggered by bacteria.

B.All cells can phagocytosebacteria.

C.All endocytosis pathways delivery their content to early endosomes.

D.Both macropinocytosis and phagocytosis contribute to processes involved in the host immune response.

E.Some endocytosis pathways occur from the Trans-Golgi Network.

After RNA primer is removed from the leading strand, why doesn't the leading strand have the end problem?

1. An average human body at rest consumes 300ml of oxygen per minute. How many liters is that in a day? Express in real numbers and exponentially.
2. Suzie attends ABIO202Z. The syllabus states that the total number of points possible in the course is 600 and that 80% of points are needed for a B-. Suzie has finished the course with 460.5 points. What percent of points possible has she achieved? Will she get a B-? If she does not have a B-, how many points will she need to get a B-?

Samos was a greek living about 300 bc. what scientific model did he develop? who developed the same idea nearly 2000 years later? why is this considered a period of non-progressive science.

Brian, Edison, and Kevin are lumberjacks who live next to a forest that is open to logging; in other words, anyone is free to use the forest for logging. Assume that these men are the only three lumberjacks who log in this forest and that the forest is large enough for all three lumberjacks to log intensively at the same time.

Each year, the lumberjacks choose independently how many acres of trees to cut down; specifically, they choose whether to log intensively (that is, to clear-cut a section of the forest, which hurts the sustainability of the forest if enough people do it) or to log nonintensively (which does not hurt the sustainability of the forest). None of them has the ability to control how much the others log, and each lumberjack cares only about his own profitability and not about the state of the forest.

Assume that as long as no more than one lumberjack logs intensively, there are enough trees to regrow the forest. However, if two or more log intensively, the forest will become useless in the future. Of course, logging intensively earns a lumberjack more money and greater profit because he can sell more trees.

The forest is an example of a_________ (A club good, A private good, A public good, A common resource).

Because the trees in the forest are________ (Excludabel, Nonexcludable) And ________ (Rival in consumption, Nonrival in consumption).

Depending on whether Edison and Kevin both choose to log either nonintensively or intensively, fill in Brian's profit-maximizing response in the following table, given Edison and Kevin's actions.

                          Edison’s and Kevin’s Actions

                                  Log nonintensively                      Log Intensively

Brian’s Profit Maximizing Response (Log intensively or Log nonintensively (Intesnively or Nonintensively)

Which of the following solutions could ensure that the forest is sustainable in the long run, assuming that the regulation is enforceable? Check all that apply.

1. Outlaw intensive logging.

2. Develop a program that entices more lumberjacks to move to the area.

3. Convert the forest to private property and allow the owner to sell logging rights.

Please explain things in the correct order so that it is easy to understand.