Design a serial dilution to achieve a final dilution of 10^-4 such that there will be enough solution remaining in each dilution to use for an assay that requires 100 mL of sample in triplicate. Remember that better accuracy is obtained with relatively large dilutions if the total dilution is made from a series of smaller dilutions rather than one large dilution.

Consider the various components we have been discussion from basic insect form and function, diversity, trophic interactions, symbiosis, to the complexities of ecological interactions, and the foundations from your other courses such as microbiology and parasitology- to generate your own hypothetical vector. Select your pathogen, select your insect or arachnid taxon (with justification), potential host(s), and create a vector that is effective at infectious disease spread. Give it a COOL name.

1. Which of the following are TRUE about sperm?

Select one or more:

a. Hyaluronidase is the enzyme involved in dissolving the protective coating around the unfertilized ovum.

b. The first sperm cell to reach the egg successfully fertilizes that cell.

c. Sperm cells have half the number of chromosomes as a spermatagoium and are about the same size.

d. Sperm cell capacitation, which occurs after ejaculation, is required for sperm cells to be active.

e. Mitochodria are located in the mid piece of the tail below the head.

f. The head of the sperm contains the DNA from the father.

g. The acrosome is located at the base of the sperm cell's tail.

1 A)What are the two different categories of cell types? How are they alike? How are they different?

1 B)If you are a bacterial biologist and you want to develop an antibiotic that will kill bacterial cells but not harm humans, what would you look for as a place to focus?

1. What is an amphipathic compound? Describe one that is used in your home and what function it serves.

Cytosolic Ca2+ is an important “second messenger”, and is usually maintained at sub-micromolar concentrations. List 3 distinct mechanisms through which the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ is regulated.

39. Which metabolic pathway makes the least contribution to the control of blood glucose levels?

Select one:

a. glycolysis

b. gluconeogenesis

c. glycogen pathways

d. pentose phosphate pathway

e. TCA cycle

1) Create a chart that compares and contrasts the structure of gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls.

2) Gram negative bacteria are considered more harmful than gram positive bacteria.What are the two reasons that contribute to this situation due to the unique characteristic of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria? (Minimum length : 150 words)

QUESTION 1

1. Which of the following is an enzyme?

   		a G protein
   		a G protein-coupled receptor
   		ATP
   		All of the above
   		None of the above

1 points   

QUESTION 2

1. Which of the following is true for all enzymes?

   		They alter the transition state.
   		They decrease ΔG.
   		They provide energy for endergonic reactions.
   		They harness energy from ATP.

1 points   

QUESTION 3

1. The pathway of glycolysis can be found in:

   		Anaerobic bacteria only
   		Anaerobic species only
   		All bacteria, but not Eukaryotes
   		All species

1 points   

QUESTION 4

1. Which of the following best explains why aerobic metabolism is "better" than anaerobic metabolism?

   		It produces water
   		It produces CO2.
   		It produces more ATP for every molecule of glucose oxidized.
   		It doesn't require glucose.

1 points   

QUESTION 5

1. The Citric Acid Cycle nets _____ molecule(s) of ATP per molecule of glucose (assume GTP and ATP are interchangeable).

   		1
   		2
   		3
   		4

a. With reference to the concept of 'afinity maturation', briefly explain why IgG and IgA antibodies are generally of higher afinity than IgM antibodies.

b. Despite this, IgM antibodies can be very effective in activating complement and promoting phagocytosis of bacteria. Provide an explanation for this observation.

You may choose more than one answer. Which of the following phosphatases activate their substrates by phosphate group removal?

PPPs (phosphoprotein phosphatases)

PHLPP (PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatases) isofroms

Protein kinase C

CD45 antigen (protein phosphatase, receptor type C)

You are working in a clinical laboratory, as an entry-level laboratory technician (average salary $35k-$58k/yr). You have purified a novel anti-viral (a cyclic peptide!) with a molecular weight of 2 kDa using ammonia sulfate precipitation. Describe how you would separate the ammonia sulfate from your novel anti-viral using dialysis. It may be helpful to draw a flowchart