Question

Compare and contrast the following macromolecules in terms of their structure, function, synthesis and significance to the cell:

1. proteins

2. carbohydrates

3. lipids

4. aromatic bases

Which of the above could the cell survive longest without? Why?

Answer 1

1. Proteins:

Structure - Proteins are made up of a chain of amino acids.

Function - Proteins heve a number of functions . They can act as enzymes and spped up the rate of chemical reactions. They can form structural components of ligaments, bones, muscles, tendons. Proteins also make up antibodies that are responsible for defending against infections. Haemoglobin is also another protein that provides oxygen to the different cells in the body. Proteins also participate in clotting of blood. Muscle contraction also requires proteins for functioning.

Synthesis - Protein synthesis takes place by the process of translation.

Significance - In the absence of proteins, muscles would not be able to contract. The defense system of the body would not function. Oxygen would not be transported to different cells. Clotting of blood would not be able to take place.

Carbohydrates:

Structure- Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Monoscaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates and act as monomers for the synthesis of polysaccharides.

Function - Carbohydrates provide energy to the cell. They act as fuel for the production of energy.

Synthesis - It takes place by the process of gluconeogenesis

Significance - Cells would not be able to perform their job in the absence of carbohydrates.

Lipids:

Structure- Lipids are nonpolar solvents that include fats, waxes, phospholipids, steroids, etc.

Function- Lipids provide reserve energy to the body. They are also responsible for functioning of cell membranes.

Synthesis- lipids are synthesized from carohydrates in the liver and adipose tissues

Significance- they act to serve as sources of energy and carry out functioning of the biological membranes.

Aromatic bases-

Structure- There are two types of aromatic bases: purines and pyrimidines

Function- Nitogenous bases form the building blocks of DNA and RNA.

Significance- nitrogenous bases along with sugar and phosphate form nucleotides, which serve as monomeric unts of nucleic acids.

The cell could survive the longest without lipids.