Keeping the functions of water in living things in mind, describe both how too little or too much water can move an individual away from homeostasis. What happens to the structures of the body with too little or too much water intake?

Microbial Growth and Urinary Tract Infections

Discouraging Growth

Read this case file, and complete the activities that follow.

Twenty-five-year-old Lisa visited the doctor’s office where I work, complaining of symptoms of a urinary tract infection. Her symptoms included burning discomfort during urination and increased frequency of urination. Lisa has had numerous infections of the urinary tract within the past year for which she had been prescribed antibiotics. Although the antibiotics cleared up the infections quickly, Lisa was frustrated with the frequency of her uncomfortable urinary symptoms. Lisa asked me how she could prevent urinary tract infections in the future. “Well,” I said. “There are a few things you can do to decrease the number of infections you’ve been having. The first is to make sure that you are drinking plenty of water. Another thing you can do is drink cranberry juice daily. There are chemicals in cranberry juice that block the attachment of bacteria to the urinary tract. I’ve also read that the juice will help to create a more acidic environment in your bladder and will hopefully discourage the growth of bacteria."

Environmental factors influence the ability of microbes to survive and flourish. The body is normally maintained in a narrow pH range. Secretion of alkaline or acidic urine via the kidneys is one of the mechanisms used by the body to maintain normal pH. Most bacteria involved in UTIs (urinary tract infections) make the urine more alkaline by splitting urea into ammonia and other alkaline products. Cranberry juice keeps the urine acidic, making urine a less hospitable environment to bacteria attempting to gain a foothold in the bladder. Temperature is another environmental factor that influences microbial growth. Fever is thought to be the body’s natural response to invasion by bacteria, or the body’s way of making the internal environment less favorable for the growth of bacteria. Fever raises the core body temperature as much as 2°C to 3°C above normal. Some bacteria cannot tolerate higher temperatures, preferring a lower body temperature to multiply.

1. In the case, the patient is treated with antibiotics for her UTIs. Which type of organism must the physician suspect is causing her infections?

• Bacterium

• Virus

• Fungus

• Prion

2. The physician suggests that Lisa consume cranberry juice to prevent her recurrent UTIs, due to the fact that the juice makes the urinary tract more ______.

• alkaline

• basic

• acidic

• mucoid

3. The physician informs Lisa that cranberry juice appears to reduce the ability of microbes to attach to the urinary tract. Which structures are used for attachment in microbes causing UTIs?

• Cilia

• Fimbriae

• Endospores

• Pseudopods

4. Most bacteria associated with UTIs make the urine more _______, creating an environment favorable for their growth.

• viscous

• alkaline

• mucoid

• acidic

5. Which of the following signs in the patient would indicate that their body is fighting the microbes causing the UTI?

• Pain in the bladder

• Elevated respiratory rate

• Fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit

• Low blood pressure

(a) Define epidemic, endemic, pandemic, disease outbreak and disease cluster

(b) Briefly discuss the CDC recommended 12 steps involved in a disease outbreak investigation. Which step is the most important/challenging one in the current Coronavirus disease outbreak? Why?

Differentiate between direct and indirect methods for determination of cell concentration.

Part1:

Use the information from outside resources about HGPS (Hutchinson-Gilford-progeria-syndrome) to answer the questions below.

1. Explain why the lamin A mutation is classified as a dominant-negative mutation.

2. What treatment do scientists develop to ameliorate the symptoms of HGPS in fibroblasts?

3. How did scientists use CRISPR to treat progeria?

Part 2:

1. Define the following terms:

   1. LAP2

2. HP1

3. Tri-Me-K9

4. Cryptic splice site

5. Morpholino oligonucleotide

6. Adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)

7. CRISPR

1. Cas9

Compare and contrast how both vessel elements and tracheid’s are constructed to minimize cavitation.

Determine if the greatest % salinity at which bacteria was able to grow at the end of the experiment is significantly different than at the start of the experiment by using the t-test.

Pooled Data:

• What determines the trait we see, like color of eggs or hair?
• Why is it useful to have variation in a population?
• Could this procedure be used to alter other traits?

How would you expect the rates of exocytosis and pinocytosis to differ between cells that are not actively dividing and cells that divide frequently?

Discussion Topic:

1. Discuss the health benefits and health risks associated with alcohol consumption.

The human body has two signaling systems, the hormone system and the nervous system to control body functions.

a) Describe the two systems

b) Why do we need two communication systems?

c) Do the two systems have evolutionarily the same origin? Justify your answer and give clear examples.

My teacher graded this with an E, saying that I am not identifying and explaining in detail, clearly, and correctly, for the two systems. And that I don't use correct and relevant terminology throughout. They are also saying that I don't have a well-developed and problematized justification with examples for both communication systems. Additionally, in the discussion I didn't present well-founded and nuanced arguments and give a detailed and nuanced account of the consequences of several positions, and didn't highlight relevant new question at issues that will guide the discussion forward.

What can I add to get a higher score?

My answer:

The nervous system causes information to be disseminated to the brain by means of the nerves in the body that send signals to the brain in the form of electrical stimulation, what can be sent to the brain is that in case you are injured, the nerves signal to the brain that you have been damaged itself. The nervous system consists of two parts, which are central and peripheral. The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system, and there are various parts of the brain that cooperate with the nerves. The peripheral nervous system is the nerves found in the body that connect to the brain and spinal cord and consists of the motor and sensory nerves, motor nerves are the nerves that are connected to muscles, and sensory nerves convey signals from the sensory organs to our brain.

The hormone system is glands (e.g., thyroid glands, ovaries/testicles) that form substances that signal and send information in the body and are transported with the blood. The hormone system determines a person's growth, metabolism, sex drive, reproduction. Examples of hormones may be cortisol, which is produced in the adrenal glands in stressful situations and causes blood pressure and pulse to rise and the trachea to open more, leading to the body being ready to handle dangerous situations where life is in danger. An important part of the hormone system is the pituitary gland that controls the remaining glands and its hormone production and which sits in a small part of the brain, and because the pituitary gland forms its hormones, the remaining glands are stimulated to produce their hormones. It is said that hormones only affect certain cells and act as chemical information signals. In the testes, men have their sex hormones, and that is necessary for men to develop the genitals, the hormone that develops there is called testosterone while the woman has her hormones in the ovaries and there she has her estrogen, the female hormones.

The communication systems are important because one needs to know the body's need for survival, and this is where the hormone and nervous systems help by sending signals from and to the brain, for example, Are hungry and need food or you are injured, the body must quickly send white blood cells to fight potential infections. For example, cortisol is important to produce in potential danger while the brain signals the heart to pump blood faster via cortisol to send oxygen-rich blood to the muscles in order to strain them in anticipation of a potential threat to a dangerous animal. The peripheral nervous system helps man to move joints and muscles, and from this, you can move, see things around and interpret things with the organs of the senses.

The nervous and hormone systems have the same origin because the nervous system records the body that is exposed to and the hormones help to solve any problems the body is exposed by secreting important hormones that prepare the body for dangers such as the hormone cortisol, for example, everything that affects the nervous system causes a release of different hormones, and it is important that there is a balance with these hormones or else you can have problems in the body.

Ok, so I'm struggling a bit with my labs being online due to covid. I was provided this information and an empty table.

"Sorghum is a genus of grass containing 25 species. Several species are grown in cultivation as livestock feed and one, Sorghum bicolor, is grown widely as a grain for human consumption and also for production of molasses and ethanol. It is one of the top five grain crops grown and consumed worldwide (along with wheat, corn, rice, and barley). Stem color is a character in Sorghum plants with two traits: red stems (dominant) or green stems (recessive). Complete Procedure 10.5 using the following data: 267 red stems and 103 green stems."

I believe I was meant to hypothesize the expected? Or was there a different way to attain that information through what was provided? Part B of the question is to state whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected, and show the rationale for my decision. Any help/explantation would be greatly appreciated! I have a handful more of these on my homework and I'd like to know that I'm doing them properly. Thank you =)

DATA BELOW

How does water pollution negatively affect energy processing in organisms? Please include examples regarding various types of organisms, from people to plants.

Practice questions: Which is/are true about the peripheral somatosensory system?
a. receptive fields are usually large where fine analysis is required (like finger
tips).
b. receptor cells are best at distinguishing two or more simultaneous stimuli when the stimuli are within the cell’s receptive field.
c. receptive fields are arranged systematically on the sensory surface.

d. A and B

e. B and C