1. What does the Beer-Lambert Law allow you to do?

2. Under what conditions is the Beer-Lambert Law valid?

3. Under what conditions is the Beer-Lambert Law not valid?

How does the 6S RNA promote global changes in gene expression?

Provide examples of how small RNAs can promote RNA degradation?

What is a molecular mechanism by which small RNAs promote translation? Provide an example where this may regulate a virulence factor.

What is a molecular mechanism by which small RNAs inhibit translation? Provide an example where this may regulate a virulence factor.

What is the function of Hfq and what role does it play in various mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation?

How does RNAIII function to promote S. aureus pathogenesis in response to quorum sensing signals?

Your friend gives you their special plant food and claims it will make your plant grow much faster than water alone does.

Describe a simple experiment you can do to test the hypothesis that "special plant food will make plants grow faster". You have two plants, water, the special plant food and a measuring stick.

The opening CSF pressure when you performed the lumbar puncture was 101 mmH₂O. The CSF analysis revealed a white blood cell (WBC) count of 5X10⁶ /L, clear appearance, a protein level of 0.62 g/L, and a glucose level of 70% of serum levels. A CSF EIA for pathogens was ordered, the result of which would be available 12 hours after the lumbar puncture had been performed. But Jose had already slipped into a coma. Describe these results and if/how they change your preliminary diagnosis.

How are the molecular pathways that control apoptosis and axonal pruning similar and different?

a. In sequence, name the structures and tissue systems through which a molecule of water passes from the time it is absorbed from the soil until it evaporates through a stoma. b. Explain how a guard cell regulates the opening and closing of stoma, describing the advantages and disadvantages of this regulatory system.

please lost pros and cons of The Genome Project and Celera Genomics.

edit: list*

Show all work/formulas used:

1) Based on the following data:

Genotype: AA Aa aa

Relative fitness:   WAA= 1 WAa= 1 Waa= 0.5

Number of young: 100 100 800

1a) Estimate the frequency of 'aa' young individuals after 5 and 10 generations

2b) Show (graph) how the frequency of the alleles 'A' and 'a' change for 20 generations

2) If the initial Frequency of a lethal recessive allele is 10%, how many generations are needed to reduce it to 5%? (assume random mating, no new mutations and no drift)

describe how a clrician can determine that a patient has allergies to house mites. ?

Different types of cells have different types of integral membrane proteins. What would you expect to reside in the plasma membrane of an epithelial cell that might be absent from that of an erythrocyte? How do such differences relate to the activities of these cells? explain d in etail and give reference. (15points)

1. 1. What is the difference between motile and sessile growth of microorganisms?
2. 2. Describe in detail the steps in formation and structure of biofilms.
   3. Provide one example of a biofilm in nature that is beneficial. Provide one example of a biofilm in clinical environments that is harmful.  
   4. Briefly explain how microorganisms communicate in a biofilm?   
   5. What is a quorum? What does a quorum do for a potential biological effect?
   6. How can quorum sensing increase the disease causing ability of bacteria?
   7. How could biofilm formation be inhibited or prevented from forming?  
   8. Why do biofilms provide an evolutionary advantage to microbes in the biofilm (HINT: what are the advantages of living in biofilm)