Question

5. Draw a cell with three chromosomes as it moves through mitosis and cytokinesis.

6. Draw a cell with three chromosomes as it move through meiosis and cytokinesis.

7. Why are some cancers heritable and some are not? What is an example of a type of cancer that might be inherited and an example of one that is not?

8. Describe how chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy are used to treat cancer. Describe how cancer cells look and act different than normal cells

9. Describe at least 3 different ways that meiosis and sexual reproduction increases genetic variability in offspring. What advantage does that give sexually reproducing organisms over asexually reproducing organisms? When is asexual reproduction an advantage over sexual reproduction?

10. Explain why there are many more males who are color blind than females. Draw a pedigree to help explain how colorblindness is inherited.

11. Choose a genetic disease/disorder and explain its symptoms and its pattern of inheritance.

10. Describe how an adaptation can become common in a population over time. What conditions must be necessary in order for that to happen? What is the mechanism for that to happen?

11. Describe the similarities and differences between artificial selection and natural selection. Give 2 examples of each.

Answer 1

5. and 6.

7. When cancer occurs because of an inherited gene mutation, it is referred to as hereditary cancer .

Ex heritable bone cancer

Non inheritable -Sporadic cancers are believed to arise from gene damage acquired from environmental exposures, dietary factors, hormones, normal aging, and other influences.

Ex Sporadic prostate cancer.

8. Cancer cell have inhibited resistance of contact junction due to which cell are piled up over each other and are physically touch each other. They grow rapidly and divide uncontrollably.

Chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy are various treatment measures in cancer they are customized as per need. Even combination of therapy is also used.

9. Meiosis has crossing over phenomenon due to which gene swapping is allowed which shows genetic variability. And evolution.

Asexual reproduction method only generation clonned genetic cells and no variability.

Although this method is favoured in plants as it's less energy consuming method.

10. Males shows more colour blind cases as it's an X linked disorder and males have only one X.

Females are generally carrires as they have XX so one X is normal.

11. Sickle cell anemia

It is an autosomal disease caused by frame shift mutation in its gene causing cange in amino acid sequence in hemoglobin chain leading to sickle shape RBC.

They are inherited as autosomal chromosome disease generating carriers and affected.

12. adaptation in heterogeneous environments was also often associated with recent anthropogenic changes, such as insecticide and herbicide resistance, or industrial melanism.

In industrial melanism peppered moth Bistan butilaria showed colour change in order to Chemoflage to stop it's over predation during industrialization.

13 natural selection - Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations.

Example - Darwin's finches, industrial melanism

Artificial selection- Artificial selection is the identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations.

Example wild cabbage ,pigeon lineage