1. What four components are added to a transmitted light microscope to make it a DIC (differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy ) microscope?

2. How do you adjust the bias on a DIC (differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy ) microscope?

3. Although the images produced by a DIC (differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy )microscope appear to be three-dimensional, they do not actually give real 3D information. Explain why.

4. Why is it important that all glass and plastic-ware used on or with the DIC (differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy )microscope is strain-free?

5. What are the advantages of DIC (differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy ) microscopy over phase contrast microscopy?

6. What are the advantages of phase contrast microscopy over DIC (differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy ) microscopy?

1) Some bacterial pathogens are highly infectious via the respiratory route. Determining whether the pathogen can make an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide by the catalase method could be hazardous. How? Also include in your answer how the test is performed. (2 pts)

2) Kovac's reagent was used in the indole test. If isoamyl alcohol were not present in the Kovac's reagent, then describe what would be observed following testing of an indole-positive bacterium, and why? Also include in your answer the function of isoamyl alcohol in the test? (2 pts)

Distinguish between sex, recombination and mutation for generating variation for natural selection and evolution.

A fish with a 6 cm long tail and a fish with a 30 cm long tail are bred. All of the F1s have tails that are 18 cm. The F1s were interbred and out of 256 F2 offspring, 1 had a 6 cm tail and 1 had a 30 cm tail. All other F2s had tails that ranged in length from 6 to 30 cm in 3 cm intervals. Given these numbers, you suspect that in these fish, tail length is inherited via polygenic quantitative alleles.

A) How many gene pairs are involved in inheritance of tail length?

B) How many F2 individuals would you predict to have a 9 cm long tail?

Present a detailed analysis on what observations can be made of Crepidual fornicata and Artemia. For each create a large labeled diagram.

6. Distinguish between single step selection and cumulative selection. e.g how long would it take to find the correct sequence of polypeptide that was 100 amino acids long? What is about cumulative selection that makes it so much more efficient at finding the correct sequence? How does the program demonstrating cumulative selection differ from the real process of natural selection? You should be able to come up with at least three differences.

Please solve the riddle, how can a virus encode a protein larger than the size of its genome?

You should know about autoclaves, what they do

and how they are important in the Microbiology

world.

Draw the set of blood vessels that a red blood cell could use to get from the thorax to the palm of the hand. Now draw the veins that the same cell could use to return to the thorax. Which of the two drawing (arteries or veins) has more potential paths for the red blood cell to take? Why is this the case?

What are the differences in proteins, primers, and experimental procedures for the following PCR based experiments?

a. SYBR Green qRT-PCR

b. RAPD

c. Immuno qRT-PCR

d. PCR-OLA

e. Taqman Assay

A successful cloning project of Dimetrodon has just been completed that resulted in several live and reproducing specimens of dimetrodons. Since Dimetrodons are early "stem-mammal members", a non-mammal that gave rise to the mammalian lineage, no one knows how it goes through development, similar to fish, amphibians, chickens, reptiles, mammals, or a new unique process altogether. You have been designed to lead the project to determine how gastrulation occurs in dimetrodons. You have decided to approach the problem by locating the equivalent of the Spemann organizer. Please design two different experiments that you will implement to determine where the organizer is located. For each experiment please include anticipated results, what the results would indicate, and possible difficulties that may occur during this experiment. (Money and Specimens are not a problem)

the statement is true or false and then explain why.

In a comparison between the DNAs os related organisms such as humans and mice, identifying the conserved DNA sequences facilitates the search for functionally important regions.