Discuss the purposes, advantages, and disadvantages of grafting and budding.

Cordyceps are parasitic fungi able to control the population of insects

Question 4 options:

Question 5 (Mandatory) (0.4 points)

Commensalism is a relationship between two species in which one benefits, while the other remains unaffected.

Question 5 options:

Question 6 (Mandatory) (0.4 points)

Keystone species are most often found at lower trophic levels.

Question 6 options:

Ksp = 2.6×10-9 for SrF2 at 25 °C.

a. Calculate the molar concentration of fluoride ions in a saturated strontium fluoride solution at 25 °C using the assumption that the solution is ideal -- i.e. the activity coefficients are 1.

b. Using activity coefficients determine the molar solubility of SrF2 in 0.100-M potassium nitrate solution at 25 °C?

c. Using activity coefficients calculate the maximum mass of SrF2 which can dissolve in 100. mL of 0.100 M KF?

Example 2.7 Gas Phase Reaction
Gas phase reaction is taking place in a continuous reactor. Stoicliioinetric proportions of

CO2 and H2 are fed to tile reactor at +00o C. The reaction proceeds to 80'a completion.
Given I mol of carbon dioxide, estimate the I)eat tllat dust be provided or removed, if tile
gas exit steams are to be kept at 500'C. Perform the energy balance using tile lleat of
reaction method at two reference teniperatuies (500'C and 25'C) and the beat of

formation method

Check all correct statements about the troposphere:

Question 15 options:

Radioactive Isotope #1: Uranium-238   

1. How long is its half-life?

2. How long will it take the original radioactive product to reduce by 50%?

3. How long will it take the original radioactive product to reduce by 25%?

4. What material is the best application for this isotope?

5. Describe the disadvantages and advantages of using this element for dating.

6. What is the stable daughter product?

1. What is the half-life of uranium-238?

2. What is the half-life of lead-206?

3.What is the main difference between alpha decay and beta decay?

4. Is there an application for either type of decay that is beneficial to humans?

5. During radioactive decay, which additional type of radiation is often emitted along with alpha or beta particles?

6. Why does the table not include the type of radiation discussed in question five?

7. Including your answer for question five, list the three main types of decay particles in order from least penetrating to

most penetrating. Include the type of material that stops each type of radiation.

Two boilers, one with superheater(B1) and other without superheater(B2) are delivering equal quantities of steam into a common main. The pressure in the boiler and main is 20 bars. The temperature of the steam from a boiler with a superheater is 350oC and temperature of the steam in the main is 250oC. The steam in B2 is wet steam at 20oC.

Draw a sketch of the problem with all thermodynamic properties from steam table shown on the sketch.                                                                                                         

Determine the quantity of steam supplied by the other boiler.                               

Take the heat capacity of steam, Cps = 2.25KJ/Kg.

                 hgas= hg + Cps (Tsap-Tsat)

Answer in at least one paragraph for each question.

1. Draw graphs showing a) a thermocline representing tropical areas, b) a halocline representing an area with high precipitation, and c) a pycnocline representing any area you want. Don’t forget to specify which drawing is which and label the axes.

2. How is heat transferred from the tropics to the poles? Explain.

3. What is the Coriolis effect, why does it occur, and how does it influence atmospheric circulation?

Benzene at 80 C is burned with 30% excess air at 100 C. Conversion is 90% with 85% going to CO2. The flame temperature is 670 C, calculate the Q.

Spherical napthalene ball of mass 4 gm is kept suspended in a large
volume of stagnant air at 318 K and 1 atm pressure. If the naphthalene ball gets
sublimated directly into the dry air, calculate the time required for the reduction in
the mass of ball from 4 gm to 3 gm. Derive the expression for calculation of time
required. Data: DAB = 6.92 × 10-6 m2/s, sublimation pressure of naphthalene at 318 K is 0.8654 mm Hg and density is 1140 kg/m3.

Knowing that at 0 ^oC and an oxygen pressure of 1.00 atm, the aqueous solubility of O₂ (g) is 48.9 mL O2 per liter. The approximate values for the molarity of O₂ (g) in solution and the partial pressure of O₂ above a 8.23 x 10^-4 M O2 (g) saturated aqueous solution at 0 ^oC are respectively:

A. 2.18 M and 3.78 x 10^-4 atm

B. 2.18 x 10^-3 M and 0.378 atm

C. 0.0446 M and 0.0179 atm

D. 44.6 M and 1.84 x 10^-5 atm

Oranges contain about 15 wt.% solids and 85 wt.% water. In a plant, manufacturing lines A and B are used for the production of orange jam. In the manufacturing line A, crushed orange and sugar are mixed in a 45:55 mass ratio, and the mixture is heated to evaporate water until the residue contains one-third water by mass. (Both line A and B are single units material balances)

(a) Draw and label a flowchart of this process for line A separately.                                                 (5)

(b) Calculate how many pounds of oranges are needed to make a pound of jam.                          (5)

(c) Making a pound of jam is something you could accomplish in your own kitchen (or maybe even a dorm room). However, a typical manufacturing line for jam might produce 1500 lb_m/h. List technical and economic factors you would have to take into account as you scaled up this process from your kitchen to a commercial operation.                                                                                                                  (6)

(d) In the manufacturing line B, the velocity of the orange jam stream containing about 15 wt% solids and 85 wt% water was measured to be 10.5 m/s and the radius of the piping was 8 inches. Line B has the same mixing mass ratio as line A.

e) Calculate the mass flow rate of the orange jam product.                                                              (10)

f) Calculate the number of oranges per year that can be processed with this process if it is run 8 hours a day and 360 days a year. Ignore changes due to unsteady state at startup. Use the following data: Mass of an orange: 0.4 kg Water content of an orange: 85% Density of the solids: Since its mostly sugars, it’s about the density of glucose, which is 1.540g/cm³                                         (6)