study of the internal combustion engines (IC Engines)
Ex 6: Need to define the following working process;
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Expansion
4. Exhaust

(a)   Describe shelf-life determination by direct method.
(b)   Describe shelf-life calculation by indirect method of accelerated tests
(c)   Mention seven measures to be considered for shelf-life determination.

1-What are simulation fluid packages? Select any four fluid packages and critically explain the advantages and disadvantages on performing the simulation process.

1. What is the compression factor of the ideal gas? When calculating the second virial coefficient term for hydrogen, how much difference is it from the ideal gas?
What is the difference in the case of water vapor? Write the calculation process in detail.

4.25 mol Cl2 reacted with 1.49 mol NaOH. Give the mass selectivity (gNaClO/gNaCl). Degree of completion is 0.75.
Cl2 + 2NaOH--> NaClO + NaCl + H2O

One kilogram of boiling water is vaporized to steam at 100 kPa in a frictionless piston-and-cylinder device. Using the Steam Tables, answer the following:

1. Is the heat needed to vaporize the water to steam equal to the change in enthalpy? Or TDS?
2. To calculate the work done by the steam, is the first law of thermodynamics equation or the general equation for work applicable?
3. Is the entropy generation equal to the change in entropy of the water?
4. Does the heat required for the vaporization of boiling water greater than the work done?

Support your answers with calculations and explanations.

A mixture of propane, butane and pentane are to be separated in a distillation column. Feed= Propane - 20 wt % Butane - 50 wt% Pentane - 30wt%. Top=Propane – 93 wt% Butane - 7 wt% Pentane – 0 wt%. Bottom=Propane - ?? wt % Butane - ?? wt% Pentane - 38 wt%. The weight % values shown are compositions. The total feedrate is 5000 kg hr-1. ALL the pentane is recovered in the bottom product, (comprising 38 wt% of the composition of that stream), determine the following:

(a) The total mass flowrates of each of the top and bottom product streams.

(b) The percentage recovery of the propane in the top product

In one process there is a throttle valve through which water vapor is passed in a superheated state, the valve operates in a steady state at P = 100 kPa and T = 250 ºC. The pressure of the fluid leaving the valve is 50 kPa. An engineer suggested replacing the valve with a turbine, this in order to get a turbine job. I. Determine the physical state of the fluid leaving the valve and the temperature. II.Determine the speed at which entropy is generated in the valve per kilogram of water that enters.III.Determine the maximum work that can be produced by a turbine per kilogram of water that enters if the current that enters the turbine is identical to the current entering the valve and the outlet pressure of the turbine is P = 50 kPa.

An ideal benzene toluene mixture contains 6 moles of benzene and 4 moles of toluene at 25 ° C. The saturated vapor pressure of pure benzene at 25 ° C is 96 Torr, the saturated vapor pressure of pure toluene is 29 Torr. Initially, the mixture at 760 Torr pressure is only liquid. The total pressure is then slowly reduced to a pressure of 60 Torr. Calculate the composition of liquid phase and vapor phase, and calculate liquid and vapor mole fractions.

A 15% Na2SO4 solution is fed at a rate of 5.5 kg/min into a mixer which initially holds 45.5 kg of a 50-50 mixture of Na2SO4 and water. The exit solution leaves the mixer at a rate of 4.5 kg /min. Assuming uniform mixing, write the required mass balances and calculate the weight fraction of Na2SO4 in the mixer at the end of 10 min using 4th order Runge-Kutta Method by taking Δt= 0.5 min.

Solve the question using Excel

Material Balance, Water removal
A 2000 kg batch of pharmaceutical-grade powder containing 7.5% by weight water is dried in a drier.
After drying, 95% of the water that enters with the wet powder will have been removed from the powder.
a. Draw a diagram of the process. Label ALL streams and indicate stream compositions. Use proper
notations and units.
b. State a basis.
c. Perform an overall material balance and a material balance for each species.
d. Calculate the final batch composition in wt.%
e. Calculate the final weight of the dried powder (lbm) and the weight of the water removed (lbm).

Show all work

It is desired to use a rotary vacuum filter to separate slurry containing 20 kg of water per kilogram of solid material. Tests on the rotary filter at the conditions to be used for the filtration have indicated that the dimensionless ratio α/β' is 0.6 and 19 kg of filtrate (not including wash water) is obtained for each 27.8 kg of slurry. The temperature and pressure of the surroundings are 25 oC and 1 atm, respectively. The pressure drop to be maintained by the vacuum pump is 45 kPa. The fraction of the drum area submerged in the slurry is 0.3 and the fraction of the drum area available for suction is 0.1. On the basis of the following assumptions, estimate the kilowatt rating of the motor necessary to operate the vacuum pump if the filter handles 16000 kg/h of slurry. Assumptions are as follows:

Resistance of the filter medium is negligible.

Effects of air leakage are included in the value given for α/β'.

The value of β' is based on the temperature and pressure of the ambient air.

The filter removes all the solids from the slurry.

The vacuum pump operates isentropically with an overall efficiency of 50 percent for the pump and motor.

The ratio of Cp/Cv remains constant at a value of 1.4.

In this activity, you will develop an experimental procedure to solve a problem. Consider the following scenario: You are the manager of a chemical stockroom, and find a bottle containing approximately one liter of a clear and colorless solution of unknown identity and concentration. Your only clue to its identity is that it was found between bottles of silver fluoride and sodium fluoride, so it is likely an aqueous solution of one of those two compounds. You will need to develop a procedure to determine the following: a) The identity of the unknown solution b) The concentration of the unknown solution Write out a precise procedure, which includes all glassware, reagents, and steps. You will also need to write the calculations that you would need to determine the concentration of the solution. Assume that you have access to all of the equipment that you used in the chemistry lab this semester and any reagent you might need.

How would I find the concentration if the 1L bottle would be sodium fluoride or NaF?

In using my propane powered grill the other day (nice day, 65°F) I noticed the metal cylinder holding the propane had frost forming on it. Why?

7. Adsorption of an organic solute on activated silica gel gave the following data after equilibrium. S (mg cm-3) 0.139 0.089 0.066 0.047 0.037 Ca (mg/g) 0.03 0.026 0.0225 0.021 0.018 Fit the data to an adsorption isotherm and calculate the constants.