1. Jones-Lange theory of emotion. Subjective experience of emotion results from physiological changes, rather than being their cause. Perception of an environmental stimulus triggers physiological arousal which is experienced as a felt emotion.

2. Cannon-Watson theory of emotion. Physiological and emotional responses occur simultaneously. Perception of an environmental stimulus triggers the thalamus to send a simultaneous message that activities physiological arousal at the same time as a felt emotion.  

3. Rogers and Maslow, two-factor theory of emotion. Emotion depends on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal: perception of an environmental stimulus triggers physiological arousal which is cognitively appraised and labeled, and then the appraisal or label is felt as the emotion.  

1. James-Lange theory of emotion. Subjective experience of emotion results from physiological changes, rather than being their cause. Perception of an environmental stimulus triggers physiological arousal which is experienced as a felt emotion.

2. Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. Physiological and emotional responses occur simultaneously. Perception of an environmental stimulus triggers the thalamus to send a simultaneous message that activities physiological arousal at the same time as a felt emotion.  

3. Schatcher and Singer, two-factor theory of emotion. Emotion depends on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal: perception of an environmental stimulus triggers physiological arousal which is cognitively appraised and labeled, and then the appraisal or label is felt as the emotion.  

1. James-Lange theory of emotion. Objective experience of emotion results from physiological changes, rather than being their cause. Perception of an environmental stimulus triggers physiological arousal which is experienced as a controlled emotion.

2. Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. Physiological and emotional responses occur simultaneously. Perception of an environmental stimulus triggers the hipocampus to send a simultaneous message that activities physiological arousal at the same time as a felt emotion.  

3. Schatcher and Singer, two-factor theory of emotion. Emotion depends on physiological arousal and emotional labeling of that arousal: perception of an environmental stimulus triggers physiological arousal which is emotionally appraised and labeled, and then the appraisal or label is felt as the positive emotion.  

1. Jones-Lange theory of emotion. Subjective experience of emotion results from physiological changes, rather than being their cause. Perception of an environmental stimulus triggers physiological arousal which is experienced as a felt emotion.

2. Erikson-Watson theory of emotion. Physiological and emotional responses occur simultaneously. Perception of an environmental stimulus triggers the thalamus to send a simultaneous message that activities physiological arousal at the same time as a felt emotion.  

3. Rogers and Maslow, two-factor theory of emotion. Emotion depends on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal: perception of an environmental stimulus triggers physiological arousal which is cognitively appraised and labeled, and then the appraisal or label is felt as the emotion.  

Redirecting impulses from the original source toward a less threating object or person through acknowledging the unacceptable impulses in oneself while overemphasizing their opposite.

Not acknowledging the unacceptable impulses in oneself and overemphasizing their opposite.

Encouraging others to redirect socially unacceptable impulses into acceptable activities and at the same time acknowledging the unacceptable impulses in oneself and overemphasizing their opposite.  

Acknowledging the unacceptable impulses in oneself and overemphasizing their opposite, while ignoring the emotional aspects of painful experiences by focusing on abstract thoughts, words, or ideas.

Sigmund Freud developed a psychosynthetic theory which describes the personality as consisting of Id (unconscious), Ego (conscious), and Super Ego (moral conscience) parts.

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow proposed a humanistic theory of personality explaining that personality and behavior depend on internal and external locus of control.

Albert Bandura explained personality based on the concepts of self-effectiveness and reciprocal anthropomorphism.

Carl Jung developed a psychoanalytic theory which describes the personality as consisting of Id (unconscious), Ego (conscious), and Super Ego (moral conscience) parts.

Carl Rogers and Raymond Cattell proposed a humanistic theory of personality explaining that personality and behavior depend on how we perceive and interpret the world.

Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck explained personality based on the concepts of self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism.

Karen Horney developed a psychoanalytic theory which describes the personality as consisting of Id (unconscious), Ego (conscious), and Super Ego (moral conscience) parts.

Gordon Allport and Raymond Cattell proposed a humanistic theory of personality explaining that personality and behavior depend on how we perceive and interpret the world.

Carl Rogers and Hans Eysenck explained personality based on the concepts of self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism.

Sigmund Freud developed a psychoanalytic theory which describes the personality as consisting of Id (unconscious), Ego (conscious), and Super Ego (moral conscience) parts.

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow proposed a humanistic theory of personality explaining that personality and behavior depend on how we perceive and interpret the world.

Albert Bandura explained personality based on the concepts of self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism.

Openness to experience - curiosity, creativity, a preference for novelty and variety. It is also described the extent to which a person is imaginative or independent and depicts a personal preference for a variety of activities over a strict routine.

Conscientiousness - A tendency to be organized and dependable, show self-discipline, act dutifully, aim for achievement, and prefer planned rather than spontaneous behavior.

Extraversion - assertiveness, sociability and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others, and talkativeness.

Agreeableness - A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. It is also a measure of one's trusting and helpful nature, and whether a person is generally well-tempered or not.

Neuroticism - The tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, and vulnerability. It also refers to the degree of emotional stability and impulse control.  

Openness to experience -  A tendency to be organized and dependable, show self-discipline, act dutifully, aim for achievement, and prefer planned rather than spontaneous behavior.  

Conscientiousness -  curiosity, creativity, a preference for novelty and variety. It is also described the extent to which a person is imaginative or independent and depicts a personal preference for a variety of activities over a strict routine.

Extraversion -  The tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, and vulnerability. It also refers to the degree of emotional stability and impulse control.

Agreeableness - A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. It is also a measure of one's trusting and helpful nature, and whether a person is generally well-tempered or not.

Neuroticism - assertiveness, sociability and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others, and talkativeness.

Openness to experience -   A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. It is also a measure of one's trusting and helpful nature, and whether a person is generally well-tempered or not.

Conscientiousness - assertiveness, sociability and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others, and talkativeness.

Extraversion - The tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, and vulnerability. It also refers to the degree of emotional stability and impulse control.

Agreeableness -  A tendency to be organized and dependable, show self-discipline, act dutifully, aim for achievement, and prefer planned rather than spontaneous behavior.  

Neuroticism -  curiosity, creativity, a preference for novelty and variety. It is also described the extent to which a person is imaginative or independent and depicts a personal preference for a variety of activities over a strict routine.

Openness to experience -   A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. It is also a measure of one's trusting and helpful nature, and whether a person is generally well-tempered or not.

Conscientiousness -  curiosity, creativity, a preference for novelty and variety. It is also described the extent to which a person is imaginative or independent and depicts a personal preference for a variety of activities over a strict routine.

Extraversion -  The tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, and vulnerability. It also refers to the degree of emotional stability and impulse control.

Agreeableness -  A tendency to be organized and dependable, show self-discipline, act dutifully, aim for achievement, and prefer planned rather than spontaneous behavior.  

Neuroticism - assertiveness, sociability and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others, and talkativeness.

Bipolar disorder is characterized by repeated episodes of mania or unreasonable elation often with hyperactivity alternating with depression. Manic episodes may include symptoms such as high energy, reduced need for sleep, and loss of contact with reality. Depressive episodes may include symptoms such as low energy, low motivation, and loss of interest in daily activities.    

Bipolar disorder is characterized by repeated episodes of mania or unreasonable elation often with hypoactivity alternating with panic attacks. Manic episodes may include symptoms such as low energy, increased need for sleep, and loss of contact with reality. Depressive episodes may include symptoms such as rush of energy, low motivation, and loss of interest in daily activities.  

Bipolar disorder is characterized by repeated episodes of mania or unreasonable elation often with partial amnesia alternating with panic attacks. Manic episodes may include symptoms such as rush of energy, decreased need for sleep due to the fear of nightmares, and loss of contact with reality. Depressive episodes may include symptoms such as monotonic voice, low motivation, and fixated interest in one particular activity.  

Bipolar disorder is characterized by repeated episodes of mania or unreasonable elation often with partial amnesia alternating with racing thoughts. Manic episodes may include symptoms such as lack of energy, decreased need for sleep due to the fear of nightmares, and loss of contact with loved ones. Depressive episodes may include symptoms such as suppressed aggressiveness, unusual motivation for physical exsercise, and fixated interest in one particular activity.   

Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by specific, excessive fear and worry attached to a specific threat; whereas, phobias are characterized by an overwhelming fear of any object or situation that reminds about childhood trauma.  

Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by specific, excessive fear and worry attached to any threat; whereas, phobias are characterized by an overwhelming fear of an object or situation that reminds about past catastrophic events with threats to one's life.   

Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by specific, excessive fear and worry attached to a specific event; whereas, phobias are characterized by an overwhelming fear of any person who approaches too close and appears aggressive.    

Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by chronic, excessive fear and worry not attached to any specific threat; whereas, phobias are characterized by a fear of specific object or situation.