Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg argued that individuals develop a sense of right and wrong in stages. Review the chart of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in the class lecture this week. At what stage would you place yourself?
In: Psychology
6. In some cultures, childbirth is seen as a shameful event.
a. True
b. False
7. Endocrine glands secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters.
13. Early in development, every neuron has the potential to
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In: Psychology
Item 1
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A teacher is one who guides or leads. To guide does not necessarily mean to instruct directly. We often think of teaching as direct instruction (presenting information, asking questions, giving feedback, demonstrating some procedure, evaluating student progress, and so on). But a teacher can guide without instructing directly. A good example is the Montessori system of education. In a Montessori school, most of what a child learns is through interacting with a variety of curriculum materials in a particular context. A Montessori teacher does much less direct instruction than do teachers in traditional schools. References: |
Teachers should be guides or leaders. In the role of a guide, a teacher does less presenting of information, demonstrating and providing feedback. For example, in a Montessori school, most student learning occurs through interaction with a variety of class materials, rather than interaction with a teacher. |
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To summarize, the elaboration model of instruction starts by presenting knowledge at a very general or simplified level in the form of a special kind of overview. Then it proceeds toadd detail or complexity in "layers" across the entire breadth of the content of the course (or curriculum), one layer at a time, until the desired level of detail or complexity is reached. References: |
They soon switched to a model based on the elaboration theory (Reigeluth, 1999). Using this approach, the game would begin with a level that offered the simplest version of the whole task (the epitome); subsequent levels would become increasingly more complex--an approach common to videogames--with opportunities for review and synthesis. References: |
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In a complex task such as creating a website for learning, instructors may want to support the generation of multiple solutions in learners' peer feedback. Anonymity may create a social context where learners feel freer to express varied ideas, and make the task of giving feedback less inhibited. However, teachers need to know just how anonymity impacts the learning dynamic in order to make informed choices about when anonymous configurations are appropriate in peer feedback. References: |
Increased availability of technology in my classroom makes it easier for peer feedback activities to be conducted anonymously which "may create a social context where learners feel freer to express varied ideas, and make the task of giving feedback less inhibited" (Howard, Barrett, & Frick, 2010, p. 90). However, I worry that my students may be overly harsh if they don't have to stand by their comments. References: |
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While solitary negative reactions or unjustified suggestions for change have the potential to dissipate discourse rather than build it, the pattern analysis shows that the anonymous condition seemed to provide a safe explorative space for learners to try out more reasons for their multiple solutions. Teachers will rarely give anonymous feedback, but the experience of giving anonymous feedback may open a social space where learners can try out the reasons for their suggestions. References: |
In their study of anonymity in an online peer feedback activity, the authors found that, under conditions of anonymity, learners seemed more inclined to provide reasons to back up their suggestions (Howard, Barrett, & Frick, 2010). Getting both suggestions and the reasons for the suggestions would be welcome in feedback I receive from peers or my instructors. Seeing the reasons would help me know that the suggestions have been thought through (even if I don't always agree with them). References: |
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The concept of systems is really quite simple. The basic idea is that a system has parts that fit together to make a whole; but where it gets complicated - and interesting - is how those parts are connected or related to each other. There are many kinds of systems: government systems, health systems, military systems, business systems, and educational systems, to name a few. References: |
Frick (1991) claims that systems, including both business systems, and educational systems, are actually very simple. The main idea is that systems "have parts that fit together to make a whole" (The nature of systems in education section, para. 1). What is further interesting to Frick is how those parts are connected together. References: |
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Instructional designers typically employ models
to guide their day-to-day work. Due to the increased practice of
the systematic design of instruction in a growing number of
settings, available models become more and more
proliferated, focusing on particular types and contexts of
learning, particular groups of learners or designers, or particular
instructional units (either whole curricula or individual
modules or lessons.) References: |
"The main goal of any instructional design process is to construct a learning environment in order to provide learners with the conditions that support desired learning processes" (van Merriënboer, 1997, p. 2). Process models proliferate because more and more designers generate models that focus on specific contexts, learners, or even units of instruction, according to van Merriënboer.
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Analysis of patterns in time (APT) is a method for gathering information about observable phenomena such that probabilities of temporal patterns of events can be estimated empirically. If appropriate sampling strategies are employed, temporal patterns can be predicted from APT results. Finally, APT is compared to the linear models approach and event history analysis. The major difference is that in APT there is no mathematical model assumed to characterize relations among variables. In APT the model is the temporal pattern being investigated. References: |
APT is an empirical approach to observing and coding phenomena by using mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories within multiple classifications (Frick, 1990). Once these data have been collected, researchers specify APT queries to calculate the probability of joint and/or sequential patterns of interest. In effect, researchers create measures of temporal patterns by counting the occurrences of these coded patterns. According to Frick, Analysis of Patterns in Time is different from the linear models approach of measuring variables separately and using statistics to analyze their relations. References: |
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Because computer systems exhibit performative intelligence, we can teach them to do tasks. It is this very capability that makes it possible to use computers as an interactive medium for instruction and learning. It is interaction which sets computers systems apart from other media such as books, television, and film. However, present-day computers literally do not understand the culturally bound meanings of the messages which they manipulate during these interactions because such computers lack qualitative intelligence. References: |
According to Frick (1997), computer systems demonstrate performative intelligence, when compared to other media such as books, television, and film. Computers can be programmed to do things. This feature of computer systems makes them an alternative medium for instruction and learning. However, he claims that computer systems lack the ability to understand the meaning of messages they send and receive during interaction with students and teachers. References: |
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Educational researchers, policymakers, and practitioners agree that educational research is often divorced from the problems and issues of everyday practice--a split that creates a need for new research approaches that speak directly to problems of practice (National Research Council [NRC], 2002) and that lead to the development of "usable knowledge" (Lagemann, 2002). Design-based research (Brown, 1992; Collins, 1992) is an emerging paradigm for the study of learning in context through the systematic design and study of instructional strategies and tools. We argue that design-based research can help create and extend knowledge about developing, enacting, and sustaining innovative learning environments. References: |
A decade later, researchers interested in studying learning in naturalistic settings (inspired by Brown's approach) began a concerted effort to define the standards and argue the legitimacy of this type of research through design. For example, the Design-Based Research Collective defined design-based research (DBR) as "an emerging paradigm for the study of learning in context, through the systematic design and study of instructional strategies and tools" (DBRC, 2003, p. 5). References: |
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First, the potential of digital games is discussed using the tutor/tool/tutee framework proposed by Taylor (1980). Second, the potential of digital games to enhance learning by connecting game worlds and real worlds is stated. Third, the possibility of digital games to facilitate collaborative problem-solving is addressed. Fourth, the capability of digital games to provide an affective environment for science learning is suggested. Last, the potential of using digital games to promote science learning for younger students is indicated. References: |
There are five advantages of using games in science learning stated in the literature. Games can be used as tools; make connections between virtual worlds and the real world; promote collaborative problem solving; provide affective and safe environments; and encourage younger students for science learning. |
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In: Psychology
5) The greek term “ataraxia” plays a fairly central role in Hellenistic and Roman philosophical thought after Aristotle. What does this term mean, and how does it feature in the Epicurean, Stoic, and Skeptical schools of thought we have encountered?
In: Psychology
4) Pick one specific virtue discussed by Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics and define it in terms of its associated vices.
In: Psychology
The purpose of Lorraine’s message is to _______________________________________ (build goodwill with her employees to maintain morale, persuade the employees to opt for the best benefits package, inform that thier positions are being eliminated)
Which audience characteristics should Lorraine consider as she prepares her message? Check all that apply.
A. Rapport
B. Receiver needs and concerns
C. Relinquishment
D. Ethnicity
Read the following sentence, and answer the corresponding question.
I will let you use my stapler.
Which revision applies a “you attitude” most effectively for this sentence?
A. The stapler may be used with my permission.
B. The stapler is available.
C. You may use my stapler.
If the audience might be displeased by the contents of your message, use the __________ (inductive, deductive) approach.
Read the scenario, and then consider the appropriate organizational approach.
Peter needs to inform his boss of the dates he will be out of the office during his upcoming paternity leave. Peter’s boss is supportive of Peter’s family involvement and is expecting Peter’s message.
Which organizational approach would be best in this situation?
A. Deductive
B. Inductive
Read the scenario, and then consider the sequencing of minor ideas in a message.
Karen is writing an email message to her team about the process for submitting travel receipts for reimbursements.
Which minor-idea sequence would be most appropriate for Karen to use?
A. Time
B. Space
C. Value
In: Psychology
In: Psychology
explain the role(s) of kingship in ancient Sumerian society. In other words, one might ask, what were the duties of the king or what was a Sumerian king expected to do or what were some of the characteristics of kingship in Ancient Mesopotamia?
In: Psychology
DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE AND WHY?
OTs should evaluate clients by using a functional and meaningful activity, which will in hand allow the client to feel motivated to perform the occupation to the best of their ability. Using a functional task for evaluation allows the therapist to understand a person as a whole and observe their way of completing an activity. The therapist can comprehend their difficulties and compensation strategies when observing the client perform a familiar task. According to Pedretti (pg.335), “If problems and their causes can be identified, the therapist has a good foundation for establishing training objectives, priorities, methods, and the need for assistive devices” (2018).
In: Psychology
Compare and contrast the theoretic model of behavior change with the health belief model. Have you ever successfully gone through all of the stages of the transtheoretical model? Explain. If not, what stage is it that you have been stuck/stopped in? Why do you think this is?
In: Psychology
Citing specific evidence from the Song of Roland (not from the textbook), what were some of the main characteristics of the ideal knight during the reign of Charlemagne?
In: Psychology
Have you ever thought about personality theory through a biblical worldview?
In: Psychology
1) British writer Vincenzo Oliveti wrote, “God revealed to the Prophet Muhammad the Holy Qur'an, the Sacred Book of Islam. The religion this created, however, was not a new message but simply a final and total Arabic restatement of God's messages to the Hebrew Prophets and to Jesus.” Based on what you know about Judaism and Christianity would you agree with this statement? You may read more of Oliveti’s text in The 500 Most Influential Muslims
2) The first nobel truth of Buddhism is “all is suffering.” The goal of practicing Buddhism, then, is to eliminate personal suffering through extinguishing our desires and our attachment to the idea of “self.” There are no distinctions between good desires and bad desires, for all desires lead to suffering. To what degree do you think this is true? Is it possible that some kinds of desires are good and even necessary to life? Read through the material about Buddha and his teaching at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/bits/bit-2.htm (read The Fire Sermon [#73] and The Great Retirement [#6, only down to the naming of Rahula]). Then wiegh on this Question.
In: Psychology
In: Psychology
In: Psychology