What is the difference between the buying process and consumer decision making?

For this discussion we can talk about voluntary and "fictional" kinship. What affects do friendship or dating or non-blood kin rituals an praxis have on your own life and what are they in your culture?

How did Musicians Smashed Racial Barriers? relate this to key psychological concepts.

Based on the book, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, describe what kind of place is Hogwarts, in terms of time period and magical elements.Please explain in atleast two paragraphs.

Please write an essay about the Great Depression.

Showing your humanity usually refers to an act of kindness or charity. Treating someone humanely means treating him fairly and with dignity. But are these traits really unique to humans? Psychologist Sarah Brosnan wants to find out. She argues that traits like fairness and curiosity are essential for any social animals to survive and live together. To show that, Brosnan works with capuchin monkeys at the Language Research Center, a part of Georgia State University. The capuchins here are "living in a normal social environment,” she says. "So they spend the vast majority of their day out here running around playing together, and we just separate them out for the testing.” The monkeys climb over branches in the cage, swing from the top of the cage, wrestle with each other. When it's time for testing, the animals go indoors. Equal Pay For Equal Work On this day Audrey Parrish is testing two capuchins, Liam and Logan. The test tries to get at the concept of fairness in capuchins. It isn't too tricky: Audrey hands Liam a granite token, and he hands it back to get a food reward. Audrey alternates between Liam and Logan. Now here's the twist. Sometimes each monkey gets the same reward, sometimes not. And there are two different kinds of rewards: a scrumptious, extremely desirable grape, or a ho-hum piece of only somewhat desirable cucumber. Think ice cream cone versus celery stick. Logan was perfectly happy to exchange the token for a cucumber when his pal Liam was getting a cucumber too. "The question is now how is Logan going to respond to that cucumber when Liam is getting a grape?" says Brosnan. What she finds is that more often than not, a capuchin offered the less desirable reward after his partner gets the good one refuses to hand back the token. "What we're really testing is how do you respond when you're the one that gets the lower salary, not how do you respond when you hear there's a discrepancy between salaries in the environment," says Brosnan. "So they don't necessarily have to have an idea of fairness or an idea of the way the world should work. All they have to care about is they got less than someone else." Curious By Nature Brosnan sees this work as evolutionary proof that animals have some of the same complex social rules that humans do. Clive Wynne isn't so sure. Wynne, an animal psychologist at the University of Florida, says you don't have to invoke ideas like fairness or inequity to explain the capuchins' behavior. There's an older concept, a more basic concept of frustration that humans share with many other species: "The tendency to act up if something they were expecting to receive is not given to them," says Wynne. "So if a child is in the habit of receiving a piece of chocolate for completing their homework, and they don't get their piece of chocolate, they may throw a tantrum. And that kind of frustrative behavior is seen in any number of different species." Brosnan says whether or not you accept terms like fairness or inequity to explain what the capuchins did in the fairness test, she insists you can see unmistakable echoes of human behaviors in her capuchins. Take curiosity. Brosnan points to what the capuchins did the first time they saw me and my recording gear -- they all came over to have a look. "They're curious about you," she says. "They haven't seen you; they haven't seen a mic before. So they want to see what it is. Is it going to do anything to them like give them food, or is it going to be a threat?" Brosnan says curiosity -- that desire to explore your world -- is key to human culture. Humans went beyond being curious about food and threats and began to wonder where we came from and why the stars twinkle in the night. You can also see beginnings of another important human social activity in capuchins: the desire to play -- to do things that have no immediate payoff. "You're not acquiring food; you're not mating; you're not defending yourself from a predator," says Brosnan. But saying play is purely social is not to suggest it isn't important -- it helps juveniles learn the limits of acceptable behavior in their groups. Brosnan doesn't believe play is a behavior inherited from monkeys in a genetic sense "but instead is a behavior that all sorts of intelligent, socially living species that live in complex social groups -- and need to know their ways around [the groups] -- have evolved." What humans and their big brains bring to the table is an ability to do more with these socially learned behaviors, to be curious about more things in our environment, and to extend concepts like fairness and inequity to make more complex societies. "That probably explains why we're building city-states, and other species are still in groups of 200," she says. In other words, we had the human edge.

1. Describe this article that you examined?

2.Did it suggest to you anything about how primates use their thinking ability to guide their social lives?

3. Does this suggest anything to you about human ethics? Why or why not?

1. What does it mean to take ownership of your own learning? In your response, describe the difference between active and passive learning.
   
2. What is the role of the course instructor in the learning process?  
   
3. What is the role of peer assessment in the learning process?
   

Your Discussion should be at least 250 words in length, but not more than 750 words. Use APA citations and references for the textbook and any other sources used.

What is the United Nation's The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) about?

A professional must always avoid "conflicts of interest." What exactly does this mean?  Explain the problem of conflicts of interest as it relates to people in official or professional positions and discuss examples. Why is this considered a serious moral concern? Why do we say that the mere appearance of a conflict of interest is a problem?

Case Study 10 Alcohol use disorder and Marital Distress:

There are 3 question to answer after reading the case study:

1. Describe Kirk’s addiction using the multipath factors.

2. Why did Kirk’s wife, Michelle, not think of Kirk’s drinking as a problem at first? When and why did that change?

3. Give examples of tolerance and sensitization in Kirk’s case.

Case Study:

Kirk was never a moderate drinker. He began drinking in high school and right from the start consumed large amounts of alcohol. Throughout high school, he limited his drinking to weekends. He and his friends would get a case of beer and a couple of bottles of scotch or rum and then drive to a wooded parking area in the suburbs. There they would turn on the radio, open the car doors, sit out in the open, and get what Kirk described as blissfully buzzed.

Kirk generally returned home from these parties after his parents fell asleep, so they never fully appreciated the extent of his drinking. They themselves were just social drinkers, and it never occurred to them that their son’s drinking might warrant attention. Moreover, Kirk and his friends never got into any trouble as a result of their drinking.

Kirk Drinking on the Rise:

In college, Kirk joined an off-campus fraternity, and he continued his high school drinking pattern, only it became more regular. Almost every Friday and Saturday night, the fraternity brothers would get together for free-flowing beer and liquor. At least a couple of other fraternity brothers equaled or exceeded Kirk’s sizable capacity for alcohol, so the young man felt more and more at home with his own drinking.

Upon graduation, Kirk married Michelle, whom he had been dating since high school. Michelle herself enjoyed an occasional drink but always stopped at one, since she did not like feeling light-headed. She was aware that Kirk drank heavily, but she assumed that all college men drank as he did and she expected his pattern would change when he later took on the responsibilities of a family and a career. The pattern did later change. But rather than drinking less, Kirk began drinking more.

Soon after graduation, he obtained a good job in a prestigious telecommunications corporation. His new job afforded him an opportunity to drink almost every day, both at lunches and at parties with colleagues and clients. In addition, the young man would “reward” himself after each workday by pouring himself expensive scotch and rum at home. Within a few months of joining the work world, he was averaging 12 drinks daily. This pattern continued for the next 17 years.

In spite of his high level of drinking, Kirk received positive work evaluations and promotions throughout the 17 years. Nor did he have any legal problems due to drinking. Although he regularly drove with a blood alcohol level over the legal limit, he had not had any accidents or arrests.

Michelle Awareness on the Rise:

What Kirk could not ultimately avoid was the toll his drinking took on his marriage. For the first several years, Michelle tolerated her husband’s drinking, not recognizing it as a problem. A man with a drinking problem, to her way of thinking, was someone who couldn’t hold a job, got into fights, stayed out all night in bars, or beat his wife while drunk. Kirk, however, came home every night and enjoyed a quiet dinner with her either at home or at a restaurant.

This was the pattern for the first 8 years of their marriage. During this time, Michelle worked as an office assistant. However, when she gave birth to their daughter, she quit her job to become a full-time stay-at-home mother. Four years after that, their son was born.

When their daughter entered school full-time and their son was a toddler, Michelle began to do child care at home, 5 days a week, for several preschoolers. Although it was demanding, she enjoyed the work, and the extra money helped. However, after a while, she began to feel a need for more adult contact. In addition, she began to feel the effects of Kirk’s drinking, as he was unable to provide much companionship or assistance in the evenings. To compensate, Michelle began joining volunteer organizations in her community. Before long, she was going out every weeknight to attend one volunteer function or another. Kirk responded by withdrawing into his drinking even more.

Alcoholism and Marriage Don’t Mix:

At age 40, Kirk seemed to be the picture of success—on the surface. The father of a 9-year-old daughter and a 5-year-old son, he was vice president in charge of sales for his company, earning a high salary and regular bonuses. He supervised 20 individuals and was respected for his business acumen. He arrived at work consistently at 9:00 A.M., rarely missed an important meeting, and usually met his deadlines and sales quotas. Moreover, he was providing comfortably for his family.

At the same time, Kirk was continuing his long-term pattern of having 12 drinks a day, mostly scotch or rum, along with a few beers. He usually took his first drink of the day at lunch, when he went out to eat with colleagues or clients. To start off, the businessman would have a couple of scotches while waiting for his meal. When his food arrived, he would order a couple of beers to go with the meal. Kirk was under the impression that he was drinking no more than his lunch companions. However, he was actually doubling their consumption—not that they took special notice of his drinking. Although outgoing and gregarious at these lunches, Kirk’s general behavior didn’t differ much from that of the others. His heavy drinking over the years had caused him to develop a tolerance to alcohol, so his four drinks affected him no more than one or two drinks might affect someone else.

At least 2 days a week, Kirk had another work-related drinking opportunity. This was at a private club where his company entertained important clients. The club had an open bar, with waiters who took drink orders and automatically brought refills as soon as an empty glass was detected. It would be hard not to drink in such a place, Kirk once reflected. And of course he had no intention of making any such effort.

The purpose of the parties was to entertain visiting clients. The idea was to build relations with them on a personal as well as business basis. Kirk’s company was looking for every edge possible, and if this meant spending several hundred dollars on a party that would help to secure accounts worth millions, it was considered well worth the investment.

Kirk was acutely aware of the pressure to be friendly, jovial, and well-liked at these parties. In fact, the parties were a trial for him. There were high expectations for him to be entertaining, and each time, he was doubtful of his ability to carry it off. The alcohol took an edge off his anxiety, loosening him up and allowing him to mix freely. It took at least three drinks for him to reach this point and at least another two to keep the feeling going for the rest of the party.

Once home from work, whether on a party night or not, Kirk felt the need to unwind. One Tuesday evening was typical. He came home and had a couple of scotches before having dinner with his wife and their two children. He had planned to drink nothing more, aside from two beers with dinner, for the rest of the evening. But as usual, things went well beyond that. After dinner, Michelle had to go to a PTA meeting, and when she left, Kirk felt neglected and bored. He knew that his wife would like him to do the dishes or entertain the kids while she was gone, but looking at the pile of pots and pans in the kitchen did not inspire him. Anyway, the kids seemed perfectly satisfied watching television in the living room. He made a half-hearted effort to ask them if they wanted to play a game or listen to a story, but they barely looked up from their show.

Feeling he had done his duty, Kirk poured himself a drink and retired to the den to watch television. He sat there watching sports for the next hour and a half, pouring himself another couple of scotches along the way.

When Michelle returned, she found a quiet house with two television sets glowing—one with cartoons, the other with a basketball game—and felt her usual resentment. The dishes in the kitchen were untouched and the kids were still dressed and nowhere near ready for bed. And as usual, Kirk was drinking. Some nights, Michelle would just ignore the situation, get the kids ready for bed herself, and do the dishes. But that night she tore into her husband, telling him he was lazy, irresponsible, and self-centered. Kirk seized on the “self-centered” part and told his wife she should try applying the label to herself. She was the one who was out every night pursuing personal interests, not he. Michelle asked what point there was in staying home to watch television with a drunk. For his part, Kirk denied he was drunk, saying he had every right to have a couple of drinks to unwind. What did she care anyway, since she wasn’t even home?

Then the phone rang and Michelle went to answer it. It was one of Kirk’s colleagues. Michelle didn’t even consider turning the phone over to her husband; she carried out her usual policy of shielding him whenever he got calls this late in the evening and this deep into his drinking. She simply told the caller that he was out visiting a friend. After hanging up, she decided just to drop the whole matter and get on with things. Why waste any more time banging her head against a wall?

Arguments such as these left Michelle feeling increasingly unhappy with their life together. Indeed, she and Kirk now barely had any life together. In the evenings, they went their separate ways. On weekends, they—mainly Michelle—did household errands. For recreation, she would attend activities tied to her volunteer work; he would watch sports on television while drinking himself into isolation. The children would either tag along on Michelle’s errands or hang around the house, receiving only limited supervision from Kirk. Over time, Michelle began to consider leaving him.

The Incident:

Kirk and Michelle sat down one evening to do some paperwork for their taxes. As usual, Kirk had been drinking throughout the evening, but he was still quite alert and had no problem in sorting receipts, organizing records, and carrying out calculations. It was a 2-hour project, and the couple actually worked effectively together, chatting and even joking throughout the task. It was one of their rare periods of togetherness; how ironic, Michelle thought, that it should come over an activity like taxes. They got the whole job done that night and both went to bed in good humor.

The next morning, however, Kirk said something that floored his wife. He asked her when she wanted to get together to do the taxes. She stared at her husband in disbelief, but soon realized he was absolutely serious; he had no recollection of having completed the paperwork the night before. Michelle told Kirk that they had already done the taxes, and he didn’t believe her. “How could I forget doing taxes?” he asked. At this, Michelle ran to get the evidence, the paperwork from the night before. Kirk was shaken. Michelle was right. He had done the taxes, but for the life of him he could not remember it. It was as if somebody else had done the whole thing for him.

Truly upset, Kirk decided that from then on he would have no more than a couple of beers in the evening. However, after a few days, his determination broke down and he returned to his usual pattern of drinking.

After the incident with the taxes, Michelle took to quizzing Kirk routinely about events from the day before, and it soon became clear that the tax affair was not an isolated event. There were many mornings when he could not recall details from the night before. Michelle finally persuaded her husband to seek professional help with his drinking problem. She had seen an advertisement describing a community clinic that specialized in treating alcohol use disorder and related marital problems through the use of marital therapy. Michelle called for information and then, with Kirk’s agreement, arranged an appointment for them.

do you think there are purposes to which we might put a human being which in simply doing them would violate or harm the human being in some fundamental and/or significant way? Why or why not? Would such violations or harms constitute a limit to our purposes? Would such a “limit” obligate us to act in certain ways and avoid other actions