Question

Identify three (3) specific personal examples of times when choice of language led to positive or negative results in your own interpersonal relationships. For each situation, cite the person(s) involved, the place of the occurrence, the situation, and the language used. Then identify the type of language problem (equivocation, relative words, static evaluation, abstractions, etc.) and note the results of each incident. How did language play a pivotal role in these experiences? (Each example should illustrate a different type of language problem.)

Answer 1

In fact, we use language in many different ways, some of these are, the informational, the expressive, the directive, the phatic, the aesthetic. We use language and that language is a part of society. Actually, any language varies according to , the nature of the society, what kind of people, and their attitudes. People use language according to their situation. The social background of any person can play an important role in the kind of language he has.

I am going to discuss these functions and take some examples of each one. I will explain the relationship between language and social organization.

Meaning:

Since we are discussing semantic and society. It is important to give a quick look on meaning. In fact, creating a theory of meaning is still the goal of many scientists . In order to have a theory of meaning, we have to rely on scientific grounds. There are two arguments that tried to explain meaning by scientific means.

The contextualism approach to meaning led by the British linguist Firth. The contextualists said that in order to study meaning scientifically, we have to focus on the context and situation. If a word is studied in relation to context, this eliminates other interpretations of the meaning of the word . Contextualists and behaviorists agree on many points. Bloomfield explained his opinion on contextualism by the famous example of Jack and Jill. Jack reacted to the response of Jill when he saw her face. Then, he climbed the tree and got the apple. So, the main focus for the contextualists was that should not be studied in isolation. Words should observable situation.

The mentalists approach to meaning led by Chomsky was the opposite view to the contextualists approach. The mentalist’s main focus was on the mind. They focus on concepts which are abstract, in contrast to the contextualists who refused to believe in such abstract entities. The mentalists approach was to find ways to control intuition. To bake intuition objective was their goal.

Language and the society :

There is a strong relationship between language and society. I mean, that the language of any society is influenced by the society. For example, In Riyadh, when they mention the word family, it means the wife. So, it is clear that we mean the social context into which the language being communicate between individuals.

Language has many connotations reflecting language, the norms of society, which is spoken by the traditions and culture.

In fact, any community affects in linguistic phenomena at different levels. phonetics, Semantics, morphology and structure all are affected by the community.

It is impossible to imagine a society without a language. Also, it is impossible to imagine the existence of language outside the community. We cannot deny the fact that the language is of a very important function, can be summarized in two things:

The first one is an individual: to help the individual of achieving his needs his in society. The second is a social sincere: is to create a situation appropriate for the composition of society and social life. It was here that the individual depends on the language to fulfill his needs.

Any language has a strong effect in the life of the individual. It represents the means of communication with others. And through that connection with others, he or she achieve his things and get their wishes. It is also the best means of expressing his hopes and the pain and emotions.

different examples:

I recently watched a movie where the female protagonist went on a date at a fancy restaurant in Paris. She didn’t know a single French word, so she ordered by pointing at items in the menu. Of course she had no ideas what they were and was very bewildered when the waiter brought her a plate of cooked snails.

That got me thinking about how language effects travel

Miranda and Caliban by Jacqueline Carey

Though Miranda’s father, the sorcerer Prospero, is able to summon the “wild boy” who lurks outside into their palace with a spell, he cannot use the same magical arts to force young Caliban to speak. It’s Miranda, with a gentle patience in direct contrast to Prospero’s frustrated haste, who first draws Caliban’s name from where he had hidden it deep within himself. By literally getting down to Caliban’s level, Miranda helps him slowly recover the words that he had lost after trauma, stitching together smaller words into loftier ideas about God and death and the magical spirits bound on the island on which they are the only human inhabitants. It is through this repetition of “sun” and “good” and “sun is good” that Caliban begins voicing thoughts like “Miranda is sun”—a compliment, she recognizes, but a dangerous one. When Prospero threatens to remove Caliban’s free will as punishment for not fully cooperating with his questions, Miranda must use their fledgling shared language, or even just her frightened tears for her new friend, to keep Caliban safe. And as they grow together in the decade or more before the events of William Shakespeare’s The Tempest, Caliban comes to have the opportunity to return the favor…

Babel-17 by Samuel R. Delany

Babel-17 is a novel about language. It specifically digs into the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which is the idea that until you have a word for a concept, you are incapable of having the concept itself. In the book, Babel-17 is the name for a language which doesn’t allow for the concept of I, which means that people who speak it literally have no conception of themselves as individuals. It also rewrites your thought as you learn it, and programs you to become a terrorist without your knowledge.

Where love comes into it is the relationship between Rydra Wong, a space captain and poet who is charged with investigating the code, and The Butcher, a man suspected of terrorism. The Butcher has amnesia. No one has any idea where he came from or what language he originally spoke, but now he has no concept of “I” or “you”—instead beating his chest when he needs to indicate himself, and refer to others by their full names:

“Don’t you see? Sometimes you want to say things, and you’re missing an idea to make them with, and missing a word to make the idea with. In the beginning was the word. That’s how somebody tried to explain it once. Until something is named, it doesn’t exist. And it’s something the brain needs to have exist, otherwise you wouldn’t have to beat your chest, or strike your fist on your palm. The brain wants it to exist. Let me teach it the word.”

Rydra spends half the book trying to overcome this block and teach him not just the word “I” but also a sense of self, and the two have a long, twisty conversation as he switches back and forth between calling himself “you” and calling Rydra “I” before he begins to get the hang of it, and this dissolves the barriers between them so completely that they’re in love before they even realize it.

“Story of Your Life” by Ted Chiang

While Ted Chiang’s novella is about first contact with an alien species whose written and oral languages resemble nothing that has ever come from the human mouth or hand, the language barrier is less about the one between linguist Dr. Louise Banks and the alien heptapods, than her own barriers with fellow human Dr. Ian Donnelly. (Spoilers follow for both the novella and the film it inspired, Arrival.) Attaining fluency in Heptapod B radically alters how Louise thinks, as it allows her to see time not as a linear construct but as something happening simultaneously—another example of Sapir-Whorf at play. On the one hand, this fills her with incredible empathy for how the heptapods regard space travel, death, and the future of their species—but the true intimacy she discovers is with Ian, who has been learning the language alongside her. Because his communications with the heptapods more concern mathematics, he does not reach the same level of fluency in Heptapod B, and therefore does not know, as Louise does, that they will fall in love and have a daughter who will someday die far too young.

The intimacy is somewhat one-sided, not unlike the love story in Audrey Niffenegger’s The Time Traveler’s Wife, when one party knows how the romance will end but spares the other that knowledge, in the hopes of not affecting their free will. For Louise, their falling in love is a foregone conclusion, which perhaps is what allows her to do so in the first place.

The Little Mermaid

Disney’s version of The Little Mermaid is actually quite interesting in terms of how communication between Ariel and Eric fosters love. Initially, Eric is besotted with the underwater princess after she rescues him from certain drowning and sings to him as he wakes. Her voice is the thing that immediately draws Eric to her—so much so that he cannot recognize her as the woman who saved his life when she washes up on shore again without her voice. (Sure, it seems unlikely, but it’s a cartoon, okay? Suspension of disbelief is key.) Though he thinks his mystery woman is gone forever, he lets Ariel stay at his palace to heal up, and she communicates to him as best she can through gestures, expressions, and activities. Even though he’s still holding out for that incredible voice, he starts to fall for her all the same, bit by bit. It’s only with Ursula’s magic that the sea witch can use Ariel’s stolen voice to trap Eric for her own. Once the spell is broken, Eric is lucky enough to find that the mysterious voice on the shore and the woman he’s been falling in love with in spite of himself are one and the same person. The language of music brought them together, but it was the absence of spoken words that strengthened their bond.

Saga by Brian K. Vaughan and Fiona Staples

It’s no surprise that soldiers Marko and Alana fall in love over a romance novel, considering that they are literally star-crossed: Her planet, Landfall, has been locked in a bloody, decades-long war with Wreath, Landfall’s moon and his home. Each has been raised to hate the other side, from their clashing ideologies to their physical differences (his horns, her wings); they meet as guard (her) and prisoner (him) in a prison camp on the Planet Cleave. But it’s not Marko speaking the Landfall Language instead of his native Blue that binds them; it’s their “Secret Book Club,” where Alana reads aloud passages from her favorite romance novel during their work shifts. A Night Time Smoke, D. Oswald Heist’s tale of the love between a man made of rock and the quarry owner’s daughter, so radically shifts both of their perspectives that they are able, for the first time, to meet in the middle.

With this newfound connection, Alana can’t bear to send Marko to Blacksite, from which he may never return, so she frees him and goes on the run with him. All this only twelve hours after meeting him! While it’s not a particular tongue that unites them, it is a shared language.

Art by Fiona Staples