Question

1.) Which of the following statements about language development across cultures is supported by research? a. Languages with a high ratio of vowels to consonants like Danish, impedes phonological development because it is harder to segment the speech stream. b. Some languages are much easier for children to learn than others due to the simple form of the language, such as Cajun. c. Comparisons of sign language to spoken language reveal big differences in the course of development. d. Children from cultures that are more technologically oriented acquire a greater proportion of verbs in their early lexical development than do children from less advanced cultures.
2.)	Which of the following illustrates the concept of language socialization? a. The differences in phonology of a language influence the rate of lexical development for that language. b. U.S. mothers value talkative children whereas Japanese mothers do not. c. U.S. children learn verbs later in lexical development than do Turkish children. d. The meaning of a word varies as a function of the SES level of the child and other social factors.
3.	Jerry Fodor's concept of mentales assumes that language a. and though become one process which is referred as this. b. directed to the child by parents stimulates cognitive development. c. determines how an individual is able to think about anything. d. is just the process of learning to map words in the native language to innate units of thought.
4.	Which view on the relationship between language and cognition is supported by research that shows that children acquire words that encode concepts that they have either recently developed or in the process of developing? a. Cognition depends on language abilities. b. Language and cognition develop in tandem. c. Language depends on cognitive development. d. Language and cognition are independent.
5.	Which of the following findings would support Whorf's views on language? a. Finding that children are most likely to learn words for objects they interact with. b. Finding that children tend to map language onto concepts they hold their interest. c. A language that contains more words for snow than another should be able to discriminate different types of snow better. d. Finding that children, whose native language contains more regular verbs than another language, acquire verbs earlier in syntax development.
6.	Which of the following statements best characterizes Vygosky's view on the relationship between language and thought? a. The specific set of values found in a culture is represented by the language of that culture. b. Language is required to express all human needs and thoughts. c. Categories of thought are determined or shaped by the individual's language. d. Language is the tool used for thinking beyond those associated with basic thoughts.
7.	Why are number words used to test Whorf's ideas on the relationship between thought and language? a. Only after children acquire a vocabulary for number terms are they capable of numeric reasoning about exact numbers greater than three. b. It has been shown that numeric symbols and math operations with these symbols can only occur in cultures with number terms. c. In those societies where there are more number terms, the children are able to solve math problems at an earlier age. d. Humans can only represent exact quantities up to 10. To go past that requires language.
8.	Which of the following abilities seems to require language? a. iconic thinking b. analogical reasoning c. representational thinking d. color discrimination
9.	What issue pertaining to autobiographical memory has been found or used to support the importance of language in cognitive processes? a. The finding that an individual's ability to remember details from their past is predicted by the level of vocabulary acquired. b. Finding that "wild children" raised without exposure to language are unable to recall events from their past. c. The finding that people with different languages have different types of childhood memories. d. The theory supported by research that childhood amnesia is largely due to the child's lack of language which is needed to represent early experiences.
10.	What difference is predicted by the Whorfian hypothesis between people who speak of locations in an absolute coordinate system verses those who speak in a relative frame of reference language? a. Those that speak with a relative frame of reference should have a less egocentric basis for locating object in a new setting. b. Those with an absolute coordinate system do better in locating object when they are visible whereas those with a relative frame of reference do better when the objects are out of sight. c. Those who speak with an absolute coordinate system should have a better sense of where they are than those who speak with a relative frame of reference. d. Those with a relative frame of reference should be better at conveying the location of objects in conversations than those with an absolute coordinate system.
11.	What is assumed to be the hallmark of the development of theory of mind in children? a. understanding of false belief b. being able to converse with another child c. understanding nonverbal communication d. understanding a story told out of context
12.	Which of the following is not an explanation that has been forwarded to explain why language skill is related to tasks that assess theory of mind understanding? a. Language provides the concepts that allow children to learn about these states. b. Children who develop language at a faster rate are usually raised in a more nurturing environment that expresses more mental states openly. c. It is due to the nature of the tasks which are easier to follow in children with more advanced language. d. Both development of language and theory of mind are supported by conversational experiences.

Answer 1

• 1.Languages with a high ratio of vowels to consonants like Danish, hinder phonological (speech sounds) development because it is harder to segment the speech stream.
  
• 2.U.S. mothers value talkative children whereas Japanese mothers do not.
  
• 3.Jerry Fodor's concept of mentales assumes that language is just the process of learning to map words in the native language to innate units of thought.
• 4.Language and cognition develop in tandem.
  
• 5.A language that contains more words for snow than another should be able to discriminate different types of snow better.
  
• 6.Language is the tool used for thinking beyond those associated with basic thoughts.
  
• 7.Only after children acquire a vocabulary for number terms are they capable of numeric reasoning about exact numbers greater than three.
  
• 8.Analogical reasoning requires use of language.Analogical reasoning is any type of thinking that relies upon an analogy. An analogical argument is an explicit representation of a form of analogical reasoning that cites accepted similarities between two systems to support the conclusion that some further similarity exists.
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