One of the most fascinating phenomena in psychology is dissociative identity disorder (once known as “multiple personality disorder”). According to some psychologists, some people possess several distinct personalities, each of which is as rich and elaborate as the single personality that you yourself possess. As an example, at different times, a person with dissociative identity disorder might possess (a) a friendly, easygoing, and confident personality; (b) a shy, self-critical, and withdrawn personality; and (c) a grandiose, self-absorbed, manipulative personality. According to some psychologists, the different personalities of people with dissociative identity disorder may differ dramatically in their skill at particular tasks, their intelligence, or even their biological reactions to different allergens! To provide some empirical evidence for the existence of dissociative identity disorder, one psychologist repeatedly gave a standard intelligence test to a patient believed to be suffering from this problem. In particular, the psychologist asked a colleague who was blind to his hypothesis to administer the revised version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (the WAIS-R) to one of his clients on four different occasions. This particular client, whom we will call Cari, appeared to have 11 distinct personalities, and each time she took the test she identified herself as a different person.

The first personality to take the test was “Wanda,” who received a score of 114 (somewhat above average) on the WAIS-R. A week later, “Melanie” took the same test and received a score of 123 (clearly above average). The third week, “Jasmine” received a score of 140 (approaching the genius range). Finally, on the fourth week, “Bassandra” received a high but not amazing score of 131. The psychologist who had been treating Cari concluded that each of Cari’s personalities has a different IQ and that this finding supports the validity of dissociative identity disorder. Although there now appears to be some evidence for the existence of dissociative identity disorder, we would not place the evidence about Cari in that category.

1.Critique this researcher’s conclusion – what flaws in methodology are present?

2.Can you suggest some things the researcher could do to improve upon the design of his study?

What are the differences between centralization and decentralization? Which style should be used in the organizing and maintaining police forces

Part II: Causes

A.

Consider whether each of the following relationships is a causal relationship or merely a correlation.

Discuss how you would go about verifying which type it is. (10 points)

1. There has been an increase in the number of twins being born and a later age of marriage in the past

decade.

2. During the past decade there has been a decrease in the size of the Greenland ice cap and an increase in

the number of twins being born.

3. People who are members of a religious organization tend to be happier.

4. Jason drank nine bottles of beer at the party and is having trouble walking straight.

5. Almost all the animals that could flee to higher ground did so shortly before the tsunami struck Indonesia in

2004.

Does our language convey our thoughts?

Explain the arguments for and against Affirmative Action. Are programs like Affirmative Action still needed? Is the Texas plan to admit the top students from each high school a better alternative? Why or why not?

do you agree/disagree with the accepted/assumed analogy - that the two cases are similar - and why?

Passage:

I think that ... the fetus is not a person from the moment of conception. A newly
fertilized ovum, a newly implanted clump of cells, is no more a person than an acorn
is an oak tree. But I shall not discuss any of this. For it seems to me to be of great interest
to ask what happens if, for the sake of argument, we allow the premise [we assume
that the fetus is a person from the moment of conception]. How, precisely, are we
supposed to get from there to the conclusion that abortion is morally impermissible?
Opponents of abortion commonly spend most of their time establishing that the fetus
is a person, and hardly any time explaining the step from there to the impermissibility
of abortion.... I suggest that the step they take is neither easy nor obvious, that it calls
for closer examination than it is commonly given, and that when we do give it this closer
examination we shall feel inclined to reject it.

I propose, then, that we grant that the fetus is a person from the moment of conception.
How does the argument go from here? Something like this, I take it. Every person
has a right to life. So the fetus has a right to life. No doubt the mother has a right
to decide what shall happen in and to her body; everyone would grant that. But surely
a person's right to life is stronger and more stringent than the mother's right to decide
what happens in and to her body, and so outweighs it. So the fetus may not be killed; an abortion may not be performed.

It sounds plausible. But now let me ask you to imagine this. You wake up in the morning
and find yourself back to back in bed with an unconscious violinist. A famous, unconscious
violinist. He has been found to have a fatal kidney ailment, and the Society
of Music Lovers has canvassed all the available medical records and found that you
alone have the right blood to help. They have therefore kidnapped you, and last night
the violinist's circulatory system was plugged into yours, so that your kidneys can be
used to extract poisons from his blood as well as your own. The director of the hospital
now tells you, "Look, we're sorry the Society of Music Lovers did this to you-we would
never have permitted it if we had known. But still, they did it, and the violinist now is
plugged into you. To unplug you would be to kill him. But never mind, it's only for nine
months. By then he will have recovered from his ailment, and can be safely unplugged
from you."

Is it morally incumbent on you to accede to this situation? No doubt it would
be very nice of you if you did, a great kindness. But do you have to accede to it? What if it were not nine months, but nine years? Or longer still?

What if the director of the hospital says, "Tough luck, I agree, but you've now got to stay in bed, with the violinist
plugged into you for the rest of your life. Because remember this. All persons have a
right to life, and violinists are persons. Granted you have a right to decide what happens
in and to your body, but a person's right to life outweighs your right to decide what happens
in and to your body. So you cannot ever be unplugged from him." I imagine you
would regard this as outrageous, which suggests that something really is wrong with that plausible-sounding argument I mentioned a moment ago.

1. Are tests important as a prerequisite to counseling? Would you decide whether to test, or would you allow your client to make this decision?
2. Would you develop a contract with your client specifying what the client could expect from you and what the client wanted from counseling? Why or why not?
3. Would you be inclined to use directive, action-oriented techniques, such as homework assignments? Why or why not?

Midlife—Making the Most of the “Second Half”

Have you heard the saying, “Life begins at forty?” Unfortunately the cultural messages we receive about midlife are often negative (an emphasis on the development of wrinkles and gray hair, for example) rather than positive (a time of advancement in one’s career, freedom from the responsibilities of caring for young children). Midlife is often a time of transition. People may change careers or end long-term marriages as they assess where they are in life and how they would like to spend the remainder of their lives. Because these transitions are sometimes painful, the concept of the “midlife crisis” has been created and has become popular in American culture. However, there has also been some debate questioning whether the midlife crisis is a universal experience and, in fact, whether it even exists. Review research on the concept of the midlife crisis and draw your own conclusions about its existence and prevalence in American culture. You will also discuss some ways that we can create a more positive image of midlife.

What is the evidence for the existence of the midlife crisis?

Why has the concept become so pervasive in American culture?

Discuss at least two ways that we can create a more positive image of midlife in our culture.

Vacuum cleaner companies often distribute advertisements that promote the amazing cleaning powers of their particular model of vacuum cleaner. For example, some ads show vacuum cleaners picking up heavy objects such as nails, bolts, or ball bearings. However, an advertisement that each of us has received in the mail many times seems to top them all by showing that the compact version of a particular canister vacuum can pick up a 16-lb. bowling ball! We are not necessarily disputing this manufacturer’s claim. However, as skeptical consumers (and even more skeptical scientists), we would like to know more before we decide that this vacuum is one of the best on the market. For the purposes of this exercise, we would like you to assume that the compact canister vacuums produced by this particular company really can pick up a 16-lb. bowling ball (as we believe they can). However, even if you make this assumption, it is still possible to criticize this specific demonstration of the superior performance of this vacuum.

1.What are your criticisms? Explain why. As a clue, a consideration of three basic forms of validity suggests a different methodological critique of this claim (and a way of improving the demonstration).

Should public defenders be allowed to stop accepting cases when caseloads become too significant? Is this an effective way of pursuing better funding for indigent defense? Include counterarguments.

What are some social implications of an increasing number and proportion of older people in the U.S. population?

Do you think the courts have largely been effective in balancing the public safety concerns of society against the civil liberty interests of citizens in establishing criminal procedures that govern police conduct? Why or why not?

PLEASE ANSWER ASAP

1- In your own words, what is medicalization? How does this contribute to social control?

2- Please either watch Peter Conrad's guest video. LINK FOR THE VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9l8LJjy5B2g

Answer the following questions:

A- What stood out to you and/or interested you? Discuss.

B- What were Conrad’s main point(s) about medicalization?

3- The reading and Conrad’s lecture/reading discussed multiple examples of medicalization. Please do mini-research on one example of medicalization (either one briefly discussed in the content or an example not discussed yet). You may choose something medicalized in either physical or mental health. After researching your topic, please teach your peers about your topic. Address the following points:

What your topic is?

How is this medicalized?

Has this changed over time? If so, how?

Are there groups/people who disagree with this being medicalized? If yes, please discuss their point of view?

What are the benefits to this being medicalized? What are the consequences/negatives of this being medicalized?

Think of a situation in which a person would react differently as a young adult versus how he/she might have acted as a teenager. Does this difference in behavior, thinking, and emotion reflect differences in post-formal thought? Why, why not?

Compare the internal working model to adult romantic relationships