• PLEASE ANSWER ALL OF THE QUESTION. PLEASE IN\DICATE THE QUESTION THEN THE ANSWER BELOW

• Reproduction

  A 33 year old woman and her 32 year old husband have been trying to have a baby for over a year. Unfortunately, they have not yet been able to conceive. The woman has been tracking her cycle and does not have a regular 28 day cycle. Both husband and wife are somewhat healthy, non-smokers and occasional drinker, although the women has given up drinking since they have started trying for a baby.

  1. Since the women does not have a regular cycle, you first want to determine if she is ovulating. You decide to test her hormonal levels.
  1. Where are gonadotropins produced?
  2. What hormones signal the production of gonadotropins?
  3. What hormones signal the release of gonadotropins?
  4. On which tissues do gonadotropins act in the female body?
  5. What hormonal surge causes ovulation?
  6. How is the hormonal surge produced?
  7. In what phase of the menstrual cycle does the surge begin to occur?
  8. How does the hormonal surge cause ovulation?
  1. You determine that the woman is not ovulating regularly, which is perhaps due to low levels of estrogen. After further investigation you determine that her family has a history of high cholesterol, she avoids eating many types of foods, including fats and cholesterol. This lack of cholesterol has lead to a loss of normal estradiol production, and an irregular menstrual cycle.   
  1. What structures produces estrodiol?
  2. How does cholesterol play a role in producing estrodiols?
  3. Production of which other hormones may have been affected by low cholesterol levels?
  1. The woman receives proper nutritional consultation and adjusts her diet in a healthy way. Her menstrual cycle becomes regular and her hormonal levels indicate that she is ovulating. You next determine whether she is actually ovulating. To do so, you use ultrasound imaging to survey her ovaries.
  1. What structure will be present if she has just ovulated?
  2. What hormone does it produce?
  3. What is the hormones role?
  4. What is the structure called after a few weeks post ovulation?
  1. The woman does in fact ovulate, so you now determine if her reproductive organs are also functioning and are properly formed.
  1. In which structure does conception occur?
  2. In which structure does implantation occur?
  1. The woman’s reproductive system is healthy and no longer presents any obvious issues. However, the couple are still not able to get pregnant. You now test the husband’s sperm.
  1. What role do the Leydig cells play in sperm production?
  2. What role do the Sertoli cells play in sperm production?
  3. Where is testosterone produced?
  4. What stimulates the production of testosterone?
  5. What prevents the production of testosterone?
  6. What role does the ejaculate play in maintaining sperm health?
  1. You determine that the husband does not have any sperm, dead or alive, in the ejaculate. You investigate if there is a problem with his reproductive structures.
  1. What structure links the testes to the urethra?
  2. What role does the blood-testes-barrier play in sperm production?
  1. You are able to determine that the husband has under developed vas deferens, preventing sperm release. You are able to retrieve healthy sperm and inseminate the woman.   

  Success! The couple is pregnant.

  1. Where are mature sperm stored?
  2. What hormone contributes to the development of the vas deferens?
  3. When does the development of the vas deferens occur?
  4. What structure would you look for to determine if the sperm was mature?
  5. How many chromosomes does mature sperm have?
  6. What hormone helps to maintain the pregnancy?
  7. How does it help to maintain the pregnancy?

• Describe specific exercises that will increase strength in your trapezius muscles, hamstring muscles and arm biceps. Describe 1 specific exercise for each muscle and one exercise that would incorporate all 3 muscles.
• Pick one of the exercises and name the agonist and antagonist muscles.
• Name the origin, insertion, action and innervation for all 3 muscles muscle. (use the O,I,A-IN chart found in course documents – left hand column of Blackboard)
• What are the similarities and differences of these exercises between a sedentary, an athlete and 16-year-old?

Why does ventricular volume drop after ventricular pressure reaches its peak? Can you correlate anything to the QRS complex? Does anything else on the other graphs line up or happen at the same time?

Discuss the large intestine and include one usual abnormal finding

Answer the following by putting ( T ) if the statement is true and ( F ) if the statement is false:

1. Calcitonin decrease mobilization of Calcium from bone.
2. Adenoids have a lining of Pseudo – Stratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium.
3. Thymosin promotes the transformation of primitive or immature Lymphocytes into T Lymphocytes.
4. Central Artery is always located in the middle of the white Pulp of the spleen.

1. How does the nose develop (in detail)?

2. How does the palate develop (in detail)?

3. List and explain possible abnormalities of palate development (figure not necessary).

4. List the commissures found in the prosencephalon.

5. Link segmentation with the rearrangement of the the back muscles.

1. Myoepithelium is present in:

1. The Uterus.
2. Intestine.
3. Sweat gland.
4. Pancreas.
5. None of the above is true.

2. Reticular fibers:

1. Are present in the liver.
2. Are PAS stain negative.
3. Are present in the basement membrane.
4. Are silver stain positive.
5. All of the above are true.
6. Only a + d are true.

3. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:

1. Contains Hydrolytic digestive enzymes.
2. Is present in abundance in the Liver cells.
3. Is present in abundance in the Pancreatic Acinar cells.
4. Contains enzymes of detoxification.
5. Only b + d are true.
6. None of the above is true.

Answer the following by putting ( T ) if the statement is true and ( F ) if the statement is false

1. Calcitonin decrease mobilization of Calcium from bone.

2. Adenoids have a lining of Pseudo – Stratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium.

3. Thymosin promotes the transformation of primitive or immature Lymphocytes into T Lymphocytes.

4. Central Artery is always located in the middle of the white Pulp of the spleen.

1. Mitochondria:

1. Are very abundant in muscle cells.
2. Have a double membrane.
3. Are very abundant in Liver cells.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + c are true.

2. Cilia:

1. Have a core of Actin.
2. Are present in the Ureter.
3. Are present in the Trachea.
4. Have a 9 X 3 arrangement of Microtubules.
5. None of the above is true.

3. Microglia:

1. Are of Mesodermal origin.
2. Are present in the Peripheral Nervous System.
3. Have an elongated Nucleus and Cytoplasm.
4. Are present only in the gray matter of Central Nervous System.
5. Only a + d are true.
6. Only a + c are true.

Answer the following by putting ( T ) if the statement is true and ( F ) if the statement is false

1. Maxilla of the Skull is a movable bone and is formed by Intramembranous Ossification.

2.    Hyaline Cartilage is found on the articular surface of joints.

3. Cartilage is avascular and has no nerve supply.

4. Peyer's patches contain Lymphatic Nodules and are found in the Duodenum.

1. Long bones of the Skeleton:

1. Are formed by Endochondral Ossification.
2. Are formed by Intramembranous Ossification.
3. Have a Hyaline Cartilagenous model.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + c are true.

2. Microvilli:

1. Are found in the Intestine.
2. Are found in the Proximal Tubule of the Kidney Nephron.
3. Contain a Core of Actin.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + c are true.

3. Simple Squamous Epithelial cells:

1. Line the Lumen of the Intestine.
2. Line the Lumen of the Loop of Henle'.
3. Line the Lumen of the Collecting Tubule of the Kidney.
4. None of the above is true.
5. Only b + c are true.

During your physical examination, what are you listening for at each different location of the heart exam? Discuss all locations making sure to also include the definition of point of maximal intensity.  Where would you listen for and how do you assess for most accurate heart rate?

1. Which of the following contains the highest number of lymphatic nodules:

1. Duodenum.
2. Jejunum.
3. Ileum.
4. None of the above is true.

2. The Synthesis, maintenance and resorption of the Calcified Matrix are performed by:

1. Osteoblasts.
2. Osteocytes.
3. Osteoclasts.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + b are true.

3. Periosteum:

1. Is a specialized Osteogenic connective tissue.
2. Is similar to the Perichondrium that covers Cartilage.
3. Covers the external surface of bone.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + c are true.

1. Hyaline Cartilage:

1. Is the most abundant type of Cartilage.
2. Is Vascular.
3. In the adult, is found at the ventral ends of ribs.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + c are true.

2. Elastic Cartilage is found :

1. In the lips.
2. In the Pinna of the external ear.
3. In the toes.
4. Only b + c are true.

3. Fibro - Cartilage:

1. Has a wide distribution in the human body.
2. Is found in the Symphysis Pubis.
3. Is found in the Intervertebral discs .
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only b + c are true.

1. Membrane bones include:

1. Mandible.
2. Maxilla.
3. Foot bones.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + b are true.

2. Elastic Cartilage:

1. Can be temporarily deformed without being structurally damaged.
2. Is present at the junctions between Ribs and Sternum.
3. When unstained is yellow in colour.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + c are true.

3. Lymph Nodes:

1. Are similar to Lymphatic Nodules.
2. Are surrounded by a capsule of loose connective tissue.
3. Contain Reticular cells and Reticular fibers.
4. None of the above is true.
5. Only b + c are true.