Question

1. List any five specific areas of the body where neural block can be applied, with reference to the nerve targeted.
2. In a tabular form, List the bony landmarks and ligaments of the pelvic girdle proper per piece of bone (ilium, ischium, pubis).
3. Differentiate between the anococcygeal body and the perineal body.
4. List out the components of the male genital organs (internal and external).
5. List out the components of the female genital organs (internal and external, and ligaments around the uterus).

please need solution for these 5 questions

Answer 1

Ans :

1. Neural block :

  is any deliberate interruption of signals traveling along a nerve, often for the purpose of pain relief. Local anesthetic nerve block  is a short-term block, usually lasting hours or days, involving the injection of an anesthetic, a corticosteroid, and other agents onto or near a nerve.

Neurolytic block, the deliberate temporary degeneration of nerve fibers through the application of chemicals, heat, or freezing, produces a block that may persist for weeks, months, or indefinitely. Neurectomy, the cutting through or removal of a nerve or a section of a nerve, usually produces a permanent block.

Areas : People who suffer from either acute or chronic pain might have a nerve block injection to achieve temporary pain relief. Often, such pain originates from the spine, but other areas commonly affected include the neck, buttocks, legs and arms

2. Bony landmarks of pelvic girdle :

ilieum-  The major portion of the pelvis is composed of two bones, each called the ilium — one on either side of the backbone (or spinal column) and curving towards the front of the body. When you place your hand on either hip, your hand rest on the iliac crest, which is the upper border of the ilium on that side. At the front of the iliac crest, you can feel the bony protuberance called the anterior superior iliac spine.

ischium-  The ischium is the thick lower part of the pelvis, formed from two fused bones — one on either side. When a woman is in labour, the descent of the fetal head as it moves down the birth canal is estimated in relation to the ischial spines, which are inward projections of the ischium on each side. The ischial spines are smaller and rounder in shape in the woman’s pelvis than in that of the man. In the Module on delivery and labour care you will learn how to feel for the ischial spines to help you estimate how far down the birth canal the baby’s head has progressed.

Pubis -  The pubic bones on either side form the front part of the pelvis. The two pubic bones meet in the middle at the pubic symphysis. The pubic symphysis is immediately below the hair-covered pubic mound that protects the woman’s external genitalia

Ligaments :

The two main ligaments of the pelvis are the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments, which enclose the greater and lesser sciatic notches, forming the greater and lesser sciatic foramina. Due to natural forces, when in an orthostatic or upright stance, the weight of the upper body which is relayed via the spine rotates the sacrum and tips it backwards. However, this movement is prevented by the pelvic ligaments.

The sacrotuberous ligament extends from the dorsum of the lateral border of the sacrum as well as the posterior surface of the ilium to the ischial tuberosity and is the larger of the two ligaments. The sacrospinous ligament stretches between the lateral border of the sacrum to the ischial spine.

3. Anococcegeal body and perineal body :

Annococcegeal body :

It is a fibrous median raphe in the floor of the pelvis, which extends between the coccyx and the margin of the anus. It is composed of fibers of the levator ani muscle which unite with the muscle of the opposite side, muscle fibres from external anal sphincter and fibrous connective tissue.

Perineal body :

It is a pyramidal fibromuscular mass in the middle line of the perineum at the junction between the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle. It is found in both males and females. In males, it is found between the bulb of male genital organ and the anus; in females, is found between the genitalia and anus, and about 1.25 cm in front of the latter.

The perineal body is essential for the integrity of the pelvic floor, particularly in females. Its rupture during vaginal birth leads to widening of the gap between the anterior free borders of levator ani muscle of both sides, thus predisposing the woman to prolapse of the uterus, rectum, or even the urinary bladder.

4. Components of male genital organs :

  Most of the male reproductive system is located outside of the body. These external structures are the , scrotum, epididymis, and testes.

The internal organs of the male reproductive system are called accessory organs. They include the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.