1. What is the difference between a cortical and juxtamedullary nephron?
2. What are the three layers of the wall of the urinary bladder?
3. What muscular tube, lined by a transitional epithelium, connects the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder?
4. Why is the position of the kidney described as retroperitoneal?

An action potential is
a. a reversal of the Na+ and K+ concentrations inside and outside the neuron.
b. the same size and shape at the beginning and the end of the axon.
c. initiated by inhibitory post synaptic graded potentials.
d. transmitted to the distal end of a neuron and cause release of neurotransmitter.
e. Both b and d are correct

2. Axonal transport refers to:
a. the release of neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft.
b. the use of microtubules to send secretions from the cell body to the axon terminal.
c. the transport of vesicles containing proteins down the length of the axon.
d. the movement of the axon terminal to synapse with a new postsynaptic cell.
e. Both b and c are correct

3. Which of the following neuron(s) is known to be a motor neuron?
a. Pseudounipolar.
b. Bipolar.
c. Anaxonic.
d. Muiltipolar.
e. Both a and b are correct/ Beide a en b is korrek.

4. 4. Which one of the following glial cells is responsible for the blood brain barrier?
a. Oligodendrocytes.
b. Astrocytes.
c. Microglia.
d. Ependymal cells.
e. Satellite cells.

5. Which one of the following glial cells is responsible for myelination in the central nervous system?
a. Oligodendrocytes.
b. Astrocytes.
c. Microglia.
d. Ependymal cells.
e. Satellite cells.

6. Calculate the equilibrium membrane potential for Na+ for an extracellular fluid concentration of 138 mM and an
intracellular fluid concentration of 16 mM.
a. -90 mV.
b. -84 mV.
c. -72 mV.
d. –63 mV.
e. +57 mV.

7. Which of the following will open mechanically gated ion channels?
a. Acetylcholine release
b. Pressure
c. Change in membrane potential
d. Pain
e. Temperature

8. Which ion channel(s) is / are open during the repolarisation phase of the action potential recorded in a neuron.
a. Na+
b. K+
c. Cl-
d. Ca++
e. Both a and b will open

9. Rank the following neurons for their speed of conduction from fastest to slowest:
a. Myelinated 20 µm diameter axon
b. Unmeylinated 20 µm diameter axon
c. Unmeylinated 200 µm diameter axon
a. a, b, c
b. a, c, b
c. c, b, a
d. b, c, a
e. c, a, b

10. If you place an electrode in the middle of an axon and artificially depolarise the cell above threshold, in which
direction will an action potential travel?

a. To the axon terminal
b. To the cell body
c. Both a and b are correct
d. In neither direction

1. Sympathetic chain assignment:

• Where in the brain is the origin (center) for autonomic nervous system?
• What spinal levels do you find the preganglionic sympathetic neurons?
• What are the roots for greater splanchnic nerve?
• What are the 3 major pre-vertebral ganglia?
• What are the roots for the lesser splanchnic nerve?
• What are the roots for the least splanchnic nerve?

2. Abdominal aorta assignment:

• Which are the 3 major unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?
• What are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk?
• Which 3 organs are supplied by the celiac trunk?
• Name 3 branches of the superior mesenteric artery
• Name 3 branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

3. Portocaval anastomosis assignment:

• What is the benefit of portocaval anastomosis in pathological states such as liver cirrhosis?

Answer: 2 sentences

• What are the problems of the portal blood returning to the caval/systemic circulation in liver cirrhosis?

Answer: 2 sentences

• What are the 2 vessels on the esophagus that are communicating in the portocaval anastomosis?
• What is Caput Medusae?

Answer: 1 sentence

• Why esophageal varices develop? What is their danger?

Answer: 2 sentences

Describe briefly the following techniques in: a. phytoextraction. b. Rhizo filtration c. Phytostabilization d. Phyto-volatization e. Phyto-transformation

A) In the experiment, you have measured hormones Gastrin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP), Secretin, and Motilin over a 2 hour period following consumption of both meals. Describe any changes (i.e. increase, decrease or no change in hormone levels) following consumption of the two different meals (High Fat and High Protein).

B) For the hormone(s) that were identified as increasing in response to the meal, explain:

• The mechanism(s) behind their secretion (i.e. what is the stimuli for their secretion) (2.5 marks)
• What is their role when secreted? (2.5 marks)

After the experiment, the researchers discovered that one participant in the high fat group was currently taking two prescribed drugs: orlistat (lipase inhibitor) and colestipo (bile acid sequestrant) and one participant in the high protein group was currently taking a prescribed proton pump inhibitor (reduce stomach acid production).

Question 2. Identify which hormone(s) listed above are impacted by the prescribed drug/medication for each respective meal and explain the impact (i.e. does the prescribed drug/medication affect the release and/or action of the hormone?)

- Orlistat and colestipo and a high fat meal

- Proton pump inhibitor and a high protein meal

Explain what would happen to the function of the kidney if the Loop of Henle began to shrink? Specifically, describe (with justification) what would happen to reabsorption capabilities of the kidney? (4 marks) Describe what would happen to the countercurrent mechanism and the ability to concentrate urine (with justification)?

1. Anabelle is a 70-year old female with a history of atrial fibrillation. This condition puts her at risk for an embolic stroke. Her physician prescribed her the “blood thinner” coumadin. Her physician advised her to limit her intake of kale, spinach and similar vegetables. Why was she given this advice? What test must she have routinely done to assure therapeutic levels of this medication. What is the mechanism of action for coumadin?

1) The Granulosa cells secrete *

A) Estrogen and Inhibin

B) Progesterone

C) Testosterone

D) Lutenizing hormone

E) Estrogen only

2) When Estrogen is low (below moderate levels), this causes an increased secretion of? *

A) ADH

B) Prolactin

C) GnRH

D) TRH

E) All the above

3) When Estrogen is low (below moderate levels), this typically occurs during which phase of the female reproductive cycle?

A) Menstruation

B) Preovulation

C) Ovulation

D) Postovulation

E) All the above

4) Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum when the oocyte has been fertilized and will be at high concentration in the blood and urine?

A) Estrogen and Inhibin

B) Progesterone

C) B HCG

D) Lutenizing hormone

E) estrogen only

5) Daily administration of oral contraceptive pills (moderate estrogen levels) will keep FSH and LH at_________________ levels of the females 28 day reproductive cycle?

A) high

B) low

C) remain the same

D) none of the above

E) all of the above

6) This form of birth control is cost effective and prevents sperm from being ejaculated from the male? *

a) tubal ligation

b) vasectomy

c) oral contraceptive pills

d) abstinence

e) all of the above

7) What do interstitial cells secrete?

a) testosterone

b) progesterone

c) estrogen

d) androgen binding protein

e) none of the above are correct

8) A function(s) of the estrogen is:

a) develop follicles

b) develop the lining of the uterus

c) develop the breast of the female

d) develop bone

e) all of the above are correct

9) The lutenizing hormone surge which occurs mid cycle of the females reproductive cycle (menstrual cycle) will cause:

a) the graffian follicle to rupture

b) the primary follicle to rupture

c) the development of primary follicles only

d) the development of breast only

e) all of the above are correct

USE YOUR OWN WORDS,200 WORDS AT LEAST :

Connective tissue is the most diverse of all the tissue types. Why do you think that is?

Why do you think blood and lymph are classified as a type of connective tissue?

Following a CT scan a large lesion can be seen in the periphery of the lower right lobe. The CT scan also shows that there are metastases in the brain and bones. Anna has never smoked.

Using the information decide which NSCLC lung cancer type is most likely for Anna.