1. Identify the major blood vessels entering and leaving the heart and classify them as either an artery or a vein and as containing either oxygen rich or oxygen poor blood.
2. Identify the major arteries and veins of the body and compare and contrast anatomic features of arteries and veins.

List and describe the Partial Pressures and Diffusion Gradients of both external and internal respiration. Include the direction of diffusion

List and describe the major body systems involved in the stress response.

How do nerve impulses and hormones send stress messages during the alarm and resistance phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome? What are their similarities?

Background

Pick one or possibly a "combination" of 2 heavy metals ....which you must now try to justify as the real CULPRITS in the continuing disease we see in people who had this exposure in the past ! try to explain (as a Toxicologist) why you think that heavy metal(s) you selected could be the cause of the disease and death seen in those who were exposed ! Be sure to give chemical, biological, physiological, toxicological reason for your selection. How does this impact on human physiology or cellular/ biochemical activity of humans or human cells .

As a toxicologist, which heavy metals do you think caused long term effects but also killed those in 911? I'm thinking sulfate or Zinc but I'm not sure.

You will be asked to compose an essay about immunization vaccination.

1. Your discussion should include the specific mechanisms, cells involved and stimulus for antibody production.
2. The category of immune response should be identified.
3. The rationale and significance of booster shots should be included

An individual finds himself infected by a previously undiscovered pathogen, Transmissio.

Describe the direct players (cells and organs) that participate in the innate vs. adaptive immune response.

An individual finds himself infected by a previously undiscovered pathogen, Transmissio.

Mention through what conduit soluble or mobile immune factors reach and interact with the pathogen.

An individual finds himself infected by a previously undiscovered pathogen, Transmissio (this is what my teacher put)

What is the body’s initial response? What are the long term effects?-be detailed

Compare and contrast excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials. In your answer, address the following:

1. How are they generated?
2. What is the outcome?
3. How might their size or strength be increased or decreased?
4. Why might you want to modify synaptic strength? Provide a mechanism.

While walking in the snow, Jim falls and lands awkwardly on his head. Jim goes to hospital, but Jim’s doctor cannot explain why Jim fell. You are asked to investigate everything that Jim was doing before the accident, to try to find a cause for the fall.

After all his tests, doctors are now thinking that Jim’s endocrine system may be involved.  

1. Describe the overall function(s) of the i) nervous and ii) endocrine systems.
2. List the different types of cells you expect to find in the i) nervous and ii) endocrine systems.
3. Do the cells in the i) nervous and ii) endocrine systems generate action potentials? Briefly differentiate between the two systems and justify your response in the context of the overall function of each system.  
4. Is it possible that Jim may have taken a drug or unusual ions in an electrolyte solution that affects the electrical activity in the cells of the i) nervous and ii) endocrine systems? Clearly describe (with an example) how this could occur.

1. In humans, darker skin color is adaptive at latitudes near the equator (where ultraviolet light is most intense) because UV light

stimulates synthesis of folic acid 

causes breakdown of folic acid 

stimulates synthesis of vitamin D 

causes breakdown of vitamin D

2. In humans, lighter skin color is adaptive at latitudes far from the equator because UV light

stimulates synthesis of folic acid 

causes breakdown of folic acid 

stimulates synthesis of vitamin D 

causes breakdown of vitamin D

In capillary beds, there is mass movement of fluids and molecules into and out of capillary beds. For movement of fluids, simple diffusion is not sufficient and two pressure-based mechanisms are utilized.

1. Describe the action of the competing forces driving filtration of fluids in a capillary bed.
2. Describe the action of the competing forces driving reabsorption of fluids in a capillary bed.
3. Predict how physiological changes in the capillary beds in response to an increase in body temperature restores homeostasis.

The immune system has two overlapping branches used to destroy pathogens.

1. Describe briefly how these two branches respond differently upon detection of a pathogen.
2. Describe how mature, functional T cells recognize antigens.
3. In the T cell tolerance process, is a thymocyte that recognize self antigens able to successively differentiate and leave the thymus as a mature, functional T cell? Explain the importance of having T cells go through this maturation process.

An average adult has approximately 5L of blood. Because there is not enough blood to for equal distribution to all tissues simultaneously, blood flow is continuously redistributed to more active tissues.

1. Identify a specific organ in which blood supply remains relatively unchanged despite changes in activity level.
2. Describe the effect of exercise on vascular homeostasis.
3. Describe the mechanism by which the body attempts to restore homeostasis when an abdominal aortic aneurysm ruptures. Be sure to include the stimulus, effector, target organs, and effect.