Read the following Case Study and answer the questions based on the information.

History of Present Illness: The patient has been noted to have some bright, red bleeding intermittently for approximately 8 months, initially presumable of a hemorrhoidal basis. She recently has had intensification of the rectal bleeding but no weight loss, anorexia, or obstructive pain. No significant diarrhea or constipation. Some low back pain, probably unrelated. Recent colonoscopy by Dr. Scoma revealed a large sessile (attached by a broad base) polyp, which was partially excised at the 20 cm level, showing infiltrating adenocarcinoma at the base. The patient is to enter the hospital at this time, after home antibiotic and mechanical bowel prep, to undergo sigmoid colectomy and possible further resection.      

1. The patient has had which of the following chronic symptoms: .............

A. Loss of appetite

B. Melena

C. Hematochezia

D. Loose stools                                                

2. The cause of her chronic symptom was:

A. Glandular tumor of the stomach

B. Swollen rectal veins

C. Ulcerative colitis

D. Malignant tumor of the colon                                                                                                                                                                              

3. What procedure did she have recently that diagnosed her condition?

A. Visual examination of her large intestine

B. Removal of her sigmoid colon

C. Low anterior resection of the large intestine

D. Hemorrhoidectomy

list and describe the role and use of antibody isotypes in the human immune system.  Include functions, roles, locations.

30. The axial skeleton includes ________.

A) skull, vertebral column, and pelvis B) arms, legs, hands, and feet C) skull, vertebral column, and rib cage D) skull, scapula and vertebral column

34) A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized ________ that engulfs cells or waste products.

A) squamous epithelial cell          B) phagocytic cell          C) nerve cell            D) melanocyte

40) Elastic cartilage is found in the _______________.

A) ears, nose and glottis            B) ears, nose, and epiglottis          C) ears and glottis           D) ears and epiglottis

42) Before the epiphyseal plate becomes calcified later in life, it is _______________ and forms a _____________ joint between the ______________ and ________________ of a long bone.

A) hyaline cartilage; synchondrosis; spongy bone; compact bone

B) fibrocartilage; gomphosis; diaphysis; epiphysis

C) hyaline cartilage; synchondrosis; epiphysis; diaphysis

D) hyaline cartilage; synovial joint; epiphysis; diaphysis

46) The carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs are examples of ____________, ____________, _____________, and __________ joints.

A) saddle; uniaxial; synovial; amphiarthrotic            B) saddle; biaxial; synovial; diarthrotic

C) condylar; uniaxial; synovial; synarthrotic            D) condylar; biaxial; fibrous; amphiarthrotic

47) You will find a gliding movement in a(n) _________________ joint.

A) intertarsal            B) interphalangeal            C) atlantoaxial            D) proximal radioulnar

49) The frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and clavicle bones are formed by _____________ ossification

A) endochondral            B) temporal            C) hypertrophic            D) intramembranous

50) The ______________ zone is found between the epiphyseal plate and epiphysis of a long bone.

A) hypertrophic            B) proliferation            C) resting            D) ossification

80) Which of the following is a true statement?

A) The head of the humerus articulates with the acromion process.

B) The greater tubercle of the humerus articulates at the coracoid process of the scapula.

C) The rotator cuff is responsible for the flexible extensions at the elbow joint.

D) The ulna and the radius articulate at both the proximal and distal ends.

82) Which ligament restricts side-to-side movements at the elbow?

A) ulnar collateral ligament             B) anular ligament             C) acetabular labrum             D) lateral ligament

Benzodiazepines are positive allosteric modulators at the GABA-A receptor. a) Describe how positive allosteric modulators affect receptor function. b) Discuss the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines and their effect on central nervous system (CNS) activity. c) GABA is also an agonist at GABA-B receptors, which are G protein coupled receptors that couple to Gi. Explain the signalling pathways that will be activated when GABA binds to the GABA-B receptor.

A patient is admitted to hospital with organophosphate poisoning. Their symptoms include difficulty breathing and a low heart rate.

a) Describe the mechanism of action of this poison.

b) Explain why the patient has these symptoms, and identify the receptors and second messengers that are involved.

c) Identify a drug that could be used to treat organophosphate poisoning, and explain why this treatment would be effective.

d) What would happen if a patient with organophosphate poisoning was given rocuronium? Explain your answer.

Benzodiazepines are positive allosteric modulators at the GABA-A receptor.

a) Describe how positive allosteric modulators affect receptor function.

b) Discuss the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines and their effect on central nervous system (CNS) activity.

c) GABA is also an agonist at GABA-B receptors, which are G protein coupled receptors that couple to Gi. Explain the signalling pathways that will be activated when GABA binds to the GABA-B receptor.

Describe the uterus from the sperm’s perspective

Why is the fallopian tube called “sperm heaven” in the film?

1. List as many features as you can that facilitate the mobility of the glenohumeral joint. Think about the shape of the capsule, shape of the joint surfaces, ligaments, structures around the joint, accessory joints, and bones that contribute to full range of movement around the shoulder. Consider how these affect the mobility of the shoulder joint and shoulder complex, and how they may be a tradeoff for loss of stability.

Factors increasing mobility of the joint:

- Bones:

- Capsule:

- Synovial membrane & bursae:

- Muscles:

- Accessory joints:

- Scapulo-humoral rhythm:

Factors maintaining stability of the joint:

- Labrum:

- Rotator cuff:

- Ligaments:

- Tendons:

When you talk about each factor, please focus on its role in either mobility and stability. For example, you don't have to describe the attachment of the capsule and the ligaments, but what is specific in the capsule to increase mobility, and how each ligament supports and stabilizes the joint. Another example about the rotator cuff muscles, you don't have to describe each muscle in detail, but how they are the most important factor in maintaining the stability of the joint.

Explain how a qualitative anatomical analysis can be applied to improve training technique. Why would a clinician or practitioner want to do this and how could it help?

How does sugar enter “the body” via the intestinal epithelia?  What carriers and pumps are involved in the passage? [Kidney proximal tube epi works the same.]

Look Out Below: A Case Study on Bone Tissue Structure and Repair An elderly patient arrived at the emergency room unconscious after an accident in which a heavy overhead shelf struck her arm. Upon auscultation, a large open wound on her arm was evident with what appears to be bone tissue sticking out of the skin. She also has bruises covering her left shoulder, left wrist, and lower back. To determine the extent of her injuries the patient undergoes several x-rays, which reveal the following:

5. Most connective tissue, including bone, is highly vascular. Which anatomical structures in the patient’s compact bone house blood vessels?

6. What term is used to describe the addition of new bone tissue? Identify which bone cell is responsible for this process and explain how it occurs.

7. What makes up the organic and inorganic portions of the bone’s extracellular matrix (ECM)? 8. Describe the structure of an osteon.

Discussion:

Further diagnostic tests on the patient revealed a lack of estrogen and calcium. Elaborate on how these factors may have made the injury worse. In normal conditions, what would be the response to falling calcium levels? Post your response and respond to two of your classmates using at least 3-5 sentences to receive full credit (10 points).

explain the following Neurotransmitters:
i. Serotonin
ii. Histamine
iii. Dopamine ( 5 marks each )
iv. Glycine
v. Glutamate
vi. Gama amino butyric acid (GABA)
vii. Nitric oxide (NO)

As a degree nurse on the ward you explained to a diploma student nurse, that in human,
all vital processes occur in a single cell. If she cares to know more, how would you answer
the questions below to her understanding?
a. What is a cell (1 mark)
b. With a well labeled diagram describe the human cell
c. Explain four functions of the human cell membrane
(Total Marks: