Answer the following by putting ( T ) if the statement is true and ( F ) if the statement is false

1. Maxilla of the Skull is a movable bone and is formed by Intramembranous Ossification.

2.    Hyaline Cartilage is found on the articular surface of joints.

3. Cartilage is avascular and has no nerve supply.

4. Peyer's patches contain Lymphatic Nodules and are found in the Duodenum.

1. Long bones of the Skeleton:

1. Are formed by Endochondral Ossification.
2. Are formed by Intramembranous Ossification.
3. Have a Hyaline Cartilagenous model.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + c are true.

2. Microvilli:

1. Are found in the Intestine.
2. Are found in the Proximal Tubule of the Kidney Nephron.
3. Contain a Core of Actin.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + c are true.

3. Simple Squamous Epithelial cells:

1. Line the Lumen of the Intestine.
2. Line the Lumen of the Loop of Henle'.
3. Line the Lumen of the Collecting Tubule of the Kidney.
4. None of the above is true.
5. Only b + c are true.

During your physical examination, what are you listening for at each different location of the heart exam? Discuss all locations making sure to also include the definition of point of maximal intensity.  Where would you listen for and how do you assess for most accurate heart rate?

1. Which of the following contains the highest number of lymphatic nodules:

1. Duodenum.
2. Jejunum.
3. Ileum.
4. None of the above is true.

2. The Synthesis, maintenance and resorption of the Calcified Matrix are performed by:

1. Osteoblasts.
2. Osteocytes.
3. Osteoclasts.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + b are true.

3. Periosteum:

1. Is a specialized Osteogenic connective tissue.
2. Is similar to the Perichondrium that covers Cartilage.
3. Covers the external surface of bone.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + c are true.

1. Hyaline Cartilage:

1. Is the most abundant type of Cartilage.
2. Is Vascular.
3. In the adult, is found at the ventral ends of ribs.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + c are true.

2. Elastic Cartilage is found :

1. In the lips.
2. In the Pinna of the external ear.
3. In the toes.
4. Only b + c are true.

3. Fibro - Cartilage:

1. Has a wide distribution in the human body.
2. Is found in the Symphysis Pubis.
3. Is found in the Intervertebral discs .
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only b + c are true.

1. Membrane bones include:

1. Mandible.
2. Maxilla.
3. Foot bones.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + b are true.

2. Elastic Cartilage:

1. Can be temporarily deformed without being structurally damaged.
2. Is present at the junctions between Ribs and Sternum.
3. When unstained is yellow in colour.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + c are true.

3. Lymph Nodes:

1. Are similar to Lymphatic Nodules.
2. Are surrounded by a capsule of loose connective tissue.
3. Contain Reticular cells and Reticular fibers.
4. None of the above is true.
5. Only b + c are true.

1. Reticular fibers:

1. Are abundant in the framework of hematopoietic organs.
2. Are PAS stain positive.
3. Are abundant in the network of the thymus.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + c are true.

2. Osteoclasts:

1. Are giant cells as large as 100 micrometer in diameter.
2. May contain as many as 50 Nuclei.
3. Are frequently located in Howship's Lacunae.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + c are true.

3. Lymph Nodes:

1. Range in size from about 1mm to about 1 – 2 cm.
2. Are bean – shaped.
3. Have a connective tissue capsule.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only b + c are true.

1. What separates the hindgut from the developing urinary system.
2. How is the anal canal formed and why does its 2 halves have different blood supplies and nerve innervation?
3. Discuss the development and rotation of the stomach.
4. Discuss how the pancreas ( and its duct system) forms.
5. What are the embryological precursors for the liver, gallbladder and bile duct?
6. Discuss the development of the midgut. Which adult derivative develops from which limb of the primary intestinal loop?

no figure needed.

• The Instructor will assign ten      (10) drug cards per week, in specific areas. Each card will be worth 1      point. You will not receive the points for the cards if they are not submitted      within the week when due.
• Cards must be handwritten,      legible, and on ruled index cards.
• All information required on the      card must be completed or you will not receive the point for the card.
• The following information must      be on the Drug Card for Each Drug:
  • Generic and Trade /Brand Names       ( American Only )
  • Classifications:
    • Therapeutic
    • Pharmacological
  • Indications/Uses
  • Contraindications
  • Adverse reactions by all       systems
  • Safe dosage range
  • 3 nursing implications
  • Action

• Atenolol
• 2. Metoprolol
• 3. Cogentin
• 4. Hyoscyamine
• 5. Atrovent
• 6. Oxybutynin
• 7. Scopalamine
• 8. Detrol
• 9. Isosorbide
• 10. Flomax

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1.Discuss the relevance of clinical measures in the practice of physiotherapy.

2.Discuss five (5) criteria to consider when choosing a clinical measure.

3.Mr Kofi is a 50 year old man who has suffered stroke. He has not been able to communicate since the stroke episode. He is currently in the hospital intensive care. His assessment shows he has so much pain in the left shoulder especially during passive movement. Explain how you will assess and quantify his pain.

4.You are managing a patient who fractured his left femur. The fracture has been reduced and patient is expected to start ambulating as he has been in bed for too long. However, he is not expected to bear weight on the left lower limb.

5.Which ambulatory device will you prescribe and what is your rationale for prescribing that?

6.What physical assessments will you carry out prior to ambulating the patient?
Explain why the assessments in (b) are relevant.

Moral dilemma:It is easy to say, but not do. would you encourage organ donation to your friends and family? How hard do you think it would be if it was someone you loved that could be a donor? 230-250 word discussion

Describe one form of glutamate synaptic plasticity which is thought to be important for the reduction of CRH neuron activity following stress.

The case of "I can't catch my breath"

John, a healthy twenty-eight year old electrical engineer, was driving home from work one evening when he experienced sudden stabbing pain in his right pectoral and right lateral axillary regions. He began to feel out of breath and both his respiratory rate and heart rate increased dramatically. As luck would have it, John passed a hospital each day on his way home and was able to get himself to the hospital’s emergency room. The emergency room physician listened to John’s breathing with a stethoscope and requested blood gas analysis and a chest x-ray. John answered a few of the doctor’s questions. The doctor noted that John had no history of respiratory problems but was a heavy smoker.

After viewing the chest radiograph, the doctor informed John that he had experienced a spontaneous pneumothorax, or what is commonly called a collapsed lung. The doctor explained that a hole had opened in John’s right lung and that this hole had allowed air to leak into the cavity surrounding the lung. Then, as a result of the lung’s own elastic nature, the lung had collapsed. The doctor said he could not be certain of the cause of the pneumothorax, but smoking cigarettes had certainly increased the likelihood of it happening. He told John he was fortunate the pneumothorax was small, which meant that relatively little air had escaped from the lung into the surrounding cavity, and it should heal on its own. He instructed John to quit smoking, avoid high altitudes, flying in non pressurized aircraft, and scuba diving. He also had John make an appointment for a re-check and another chest x-ray.

Case Background

Spontaneous pneumothorax occurs when a blister on the surface of the lung opens, allowing air from the lung to move into the pleural cavity. This occurs because alveolar pressure is normally greater than the pressure in the pleural cavity. As air escapes from the lung, the lung tissues will recoil, and the lung will begin to collapse. The lung will continue to collapse until the difference between the alveolar pressure and pleural pressure disappears or until the collapsing of the lung causes the opening to seal.

The pneumothorax decreases the efficiency of the respiratory system, which in turn results in decreased blood oxygen concentration, increased respiratory rate, and increased heart rate. If the pneumothorax is small, the air that escapes into the pleural cavity can be reabsorbed into the lung once the opening has sealed shut. If the pneumothorax is large, a needle or chest tube may have to be inserted into the pleural cavity to draw the air out and allow for the re expansion of the lung.

Utilizing the med terms you learned this week answer the following questions

Why was John instructed to avoid high altitudes and flying in non pressurized aircraft?

That is, what are the effects of high altitudes on the respiratory system?