List two effects on the heart and one effect on blood vessels when activating the sympathetic nervous system

How does radius affect blood flow and blood pressure?

Short-term mechanisms for regulating blood pressure include regulating what three things?

Long-term mechanisms will regulate ________________________________.

What hormones released from the adrenal gland impact blood vessels and/or blood pressure? _________________________________ and _________________________________

What is the stroke volume if cardiac output is 4.2 liters per minute and heart rate is 70 bpm?

5. Your friend keeps telling you that fatty acids are broken down to sugar in the body and used for energy. You disagree. In a simple explanation of metabolism, tell your friend why this idea is false. (1 point)

6. Vitamin B6 plays many roles in the body, but a very important one ensuring that we aren’t required to eat ALL amino acids directly in the diet. Explain how this works. (2 points)

67. Heat-fixed smears are steamed over boiling water with malachite green primary stain for this type of differential staining technique.
       
Capsule
       
Acid-fast
       
Endospore
       
Flagella

69. The production of all nitrogenous compounds begins with the process called nitrogen fixation.
True
False

72. Inflammation of the kidneys is called
       urethritis
       pyelonephritis
       cystitis
       vaginitis

76. Commercial sterilization involves:
       Killing all living organisms in the product to prevent disease
       Sanitizing the product to a level deemed safe for human health
       Heating the product to a temperature low enough to preserve food quality but high enough to destroy common pathogens such as Clostridium botulinum
       Heating the product to the point that 98% of the common pathogens are destroyed

86. Biofilms are complex communities of a variety of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoans) that interact through cell signaling and coordinated responses.
True
False

88. Perinatal infections include all the following EXCEPT
       Chlamydial pneumonia
       Cytomegalovirus
       Zika virus
       HIV
       West Nile Virus

1.Answer the following questions concerning leukocytes and macrophages. (a) Leukocytes and macrophages fall under which category—nonspecific or specific defense? Note that your textbook uses the terms nonspecific resistance and nonspecific defense interchangeably, and also uses the terms specific immunity and specific defense interchangeably. (b) Leukocytes and macrophages fall under which category—first, second, or third line of defense? (c) What is the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage?

2.(a) After a B cell is activated, it differentiates into what cells, and what do each of those cells do? (b) A given plasma cell produces antibodies with specificities for about how many different antigens? (c) How many binding sites are there on an antibody for an antigen? (d) There is a binding site on an antibody for what else in addition to antigen binding sites? (e) Do the binding sites on antibodies mentioned in parts (c) and (d) occur in the variable or constant regions of antibodies?

3.Answer the following questions concerning fever. (a) Is fever generally a beneficial or harmful phenomenon? Explain briefly. (b) What leukocytes play the largest role in generating fever? (c) Explain very briefly in your own words how aspirin and ibuprofen reduce fever. (d) Name two mechanisms that directly increase body temperature once the signals that initiate a fever are present. (e) Name two mechanisms that directly decrease body temperature once an infection is defeated.

Explain how each of the following will influence athletic success and respond to aerobic endurance training:

a. Muscle fiber type

b. Muscle fiber size

c. Muscle glycogen content

• PLEASE ANSWER ALL OF THE QUESTION. PLEASE IN\DICATE THE QUESTION THEN THE ANSWER BELOW

• Reproduction

  A 33 year old woman and her 32 year old husband have been trying to have a baby for over a year. Unfortunately, they have not yet been able to conceive. The woman has been tracking her cycle and does not have a regular 28 day cycle. Both husband and wife are somewhat healthy, non-smokers and occasional drinker, although the women has given up drinking since they have started trying for a baby.

  1. Since the women does not have a regular cycle, you first want to determine if she is ovulating. You decide to test her hormonal levels.
  1. Where are gonadotropins produced?
  2. What hormones signal the production of gonadotropins?
  3. What hormones signal the release of gonadotropins?
  4. On which tissues do gonadotropins act in the female body?
  5. What hormonal surge causes ovulation?
  6. How is the hormonal surge produced?
  7. In what phase of the menstrual cycle does the surge begin to occur?
  8. How does the hormonal surge cause ovulation?
  1. You determine that the woman is not ovulating regularly, which is perhaps due to low levels of estrogen. After further investigation you determine that her family has a history of high cholesterol, she avoids eating many types of foods, including fats and cholesterol. This lack of cholesterol has lead to a loss of normal estradiol production, and an irregular menstrual cycle.   
  1. What structures produces estrodiol?
  2. How does cholesterol play a role in producing estrodiols?
  3. Production of which other hormones may have been affected by low cholesterol levels?
  1. The woman receives proper nutritional consultation and adjusts her diet in a healthy way. Her menstrual cycle becomes regular and her hormonal levels indicate that she is ovulating. You next determine whether she is actually ovulating. To do so, you use ultrasound imaging to survey her ovaries.
  1. What structure will be present if she has just ovulated?
  2. What hormone does it produce?
  3. What is the hormones role?
  4. What is the structure called after a few weeks post ovulation?
  1. The woman does in fact ovulate, so you now determine if her reproductive organs are also functioning and are properly formed.
  1. In which structure does conception occur?
  2. In which structure does implantation occur?
  1. The woman’s reproductive system is healthy and no longer presents any obvious issues. However, the couple are still not able to get pregnant. You now test the husband’s sperm.
  1. What role do the Leydig cells play in sperm production?
  2. What role do the Sertoli cells play in sperm production?
  3. Where is testosterone produced?
  4. What stimulates the production of testosterone?
  5. What prevents the production of testosterone?
  6. What role does the ejaculate play in maintaining sperm health?
  1. You determine that the husband does not have any sperm, dead or alive, in the ejaculate. You investigate if there is a problem with his reproductive structures.
  1. What structure links the testes to the urethra?
  2. What role does the blood-testes-barrier play in sperm production?
  1. You are able to determine that the husband has under developed vas deferens, preventing sperm release. You are able to retrieve healthy sperm and inseminate the woman.   

  Success! The couple is pregnant.

  1. Where are mature sperm stored?
  2. What hormone contributes to the development of the vas deferens?
  3. When does the development of the vas deferens occur?
  4. What structure would you look for to determine if the sperm was mature?
  5. How many chromosomes does mature sperm have?
  6. What hormone helps to maintain the pregnancy?
  7. How does it help to maintain the pregnancy?

• Describe specific exercises that will increase strength in your trapezius muscles, hamstring muscles and arm biceps. Describe 1 specific exercise for each muscle and one exercise that would incorporate all 3 muscles.
• Pick one of the exercises and name the agonist and antagonist muscles.
• Name the origin, insertion, action and innervation for all 3 muscles muscle. (use the O,I,A-IN chart found in course documents – left hand column of Blackboard)
• What are the similarities and differences of these exercises between a sedentary, an athlete and 16-year-old?

Why does ventricular volume drop after ventricular pressure reaches its peak? Can you correlate anything to the QRS complex? Does anything else on the other graphs line up or happen at the same time?

Discuss the large intestine and include one usual abnormal finding

Answer the following by putting ( T ) if the statement is true and ( F ) if the statement is false:

1. Calcitonin decrease mobilization of Calcium from bone.
2. Adenoids have a lining of Pseudo – Stratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium.
3. Thymosin promotes the transformation of primitive or immature Lymphocytes into T Lymphocytes.
4. Central Artery is always located in the middle of the white Pulp of the spleen.

1. How does the nose develop (in detail)?

2. How does the palate develop (in detail)?

3. List and explain possible abnormalities of palate development (figure not necessary).

4. List the commissures found in the prosencephalon.

5. Link segmentation with the rearrangement of the the back muscles.

1. Myoepithelium is present in:

1. The Uterus.
2. Intestine.
3. Sweat gland.
4. Pancreas.
5. None of the above is true.

2. Reticular fibers:

1. Are present in the liver.
2. Are PAS stain negative.
3. Are present in the basement membrane.
4. Are silver stain positive.
5. All of the above are true.
6. Only a + d are true.

3. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:

1. Contains Hydrolytic digestive enzymes.
2. Is present in abundance in the Liver cells.
3. Is present in abundance in the Pancreatic Acinar cells.
4. Contains enzymes of detoxification.
5. Only b + d are true.
6. None of the above is true.

Answer the following by putting ( T ) if the statement is true and ( F ) if the statement is false

1. Calcitonin decrease mobilization of Calcium from bone.

2. Adenoids have a lining of Pseudo – Stratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium.

3. Thymosin promotes the transformation of primitive or immature Lymphocytes into T Lymphocytes.

4. Central Artery is always located in the middle of the white Pulp of the spleen.

1. Mitochondria:

1. Are very abundant in muscle cells.
2. Have a double membrane.
3. Are very abundant in Liver cells.
4. All of the above are true.
5. Only a + c are true.

2. Cilia:

1. Have a core of Actin.
2. Are present in the Ureter.
3. Are present in the Trachea.
4. Have a 9 X 3 arrangement of Microtubules.
5. None of the above is true.

3. Microglia:

1. Are of Mesodermal origin.
2. Are present in the Peripheral Nervous System.
3. Have an elongated Nucleus and Cytoplasm.
4. Are present only in the gray matter of Central Nervous System.
5. Only a + d are true.
6. Only a + c are true.