Question

Please answer all parts of this question for both parts!!

Prompt:

In our study of the skeletal system this week it should be readily apparent to you how important synovial joints are in the normal function of the human body. This week you will pick two synovial joints to discuss. Pick one from each category below. For each selected joint you should provide the following information: the movements that are possible at that joint (use appropriate anatomical terminology), identification of the bones, bony features, and soft tissue structures (ligaments, tendons) that are involved in that joint, and a brief discussion of the associated clinical correlation provided for each. Your discussion of the clinical correlation MUST include a summary of the expected functional deficit that would be produced by the condition.

Choose two of the following synovial joints to discuss, one from each list:

GROUP 1

Knee - ACL tear

Hip - Labral tear

Elbow - “Nursemaid’s” elbow

Shoulder - Rotator cuff injury

GROUP 2

Metacarpal-phalaengeal joint - Osteoarthritis

Thumb - “Texter’s thumb”

Ankle - Ankle fracture

Jaw - TMJ syndrome

Answer 1

GROUP 1

KNEE
MOVEMENT POSSIBLE	FLEXION -  the hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius and popliteuS EXTENSION - BY QUADRICEPS FEMORIS LATERAL ROTATION - BICEPS FEMORIS MEDIAL ROTATION - semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus.
IDENTIFICATION OF JOINT	HINGE TYPE SYNOVIAL JOINT
BONY FEATURE	ARTICULATION BETWEEN PATELLA,FEMUR AND TIBIA
SOFT TISSUE STRUCTURE	MAJOR LIGAMENT ARE A. PATELLAR LIGAMENT B. COLLATERAL LIGAMENT - TIBIAL LIGAMENT FIBRULAR LIGAMENT C CRUCIATE LIGAMENT- ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR
CLINICAL CORRELATION	ACL ( ANTerior cruciate ligament tear) a. done by hyperextension of knee joint, b. large force to the back of the knee with the joint partly flexed. test - anterior drawer test, where you attempt to pull the tibia forwards, if it moves, the ligament has been torn.
	posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) (‘dashboard) injury’. when the knee is flexed, a large force is applied to the shins, pushing the tibia posteriorly. example as  in car accidents, where the knee hits the dashboard. by hyperextension of the knee joint, or by damage to the upper part of the tibial tuberosity. posterior draw test. This is where the clinician holds the knee in flexed position, and pushes the tibia posteriorly. If there is movement, the ligament has been torn.
	BURSITIS ( HOUSE MAID KNEE) Friction between the skin and the patella cause the prepatella bursa to become inflamed, producing a swelling on the anterior sidE

HIP JOINT

HIP JOINT
MOVEMENT POSSIBLE	Flexion – iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus Extension – gluteus maximus; semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris medial rotation - anterior fibre of gluteus medius and minimum tensor fascia latae lateral rotation - biceps femoris,gluteus maximus,piriformis Abduction – gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis and tensor fascia latae Adduction – adductors longus, brevis and magnus, pectineus and gracilis
TYPE OF JOINT	BALL and socket synovial joint
BONY FEATURE	pelvic acetabulum and the head of the femur.
SOFT TISSUE STRUCTURE	intracapsular ligament is the ligament of head of femur. Extracapsular Iliofemoral ligament pubiofemoral ischiofemoral
CLINICAL CORELATION	labraltear involves the ring of cartilage (labrum) that follows the outside rim of your hip joint socket. Besides cushioning the hip joint, the labrum acts like a rubber seal or gasket to help hold the ball at the top of your thighbone securely within your hip socket
	Anterior dislocation(rare) – occurs as a consequence of traumatic extension, abduction and lateral rotation. The femoral head is displaced anteriorly and (usually) inferiorly in relation to the acetabulum.

GROUP 2

ANKLE JOINT

ANKLE JOINT
MOVEMENT POSSIBLE	Dorsiflexion – the anterior part of the talus is held in the mortise, and the joint is more stable. Plantarflexion – the posterior part of the talus is held in the mortise, and the joint is less stable.
TYPE OF JOINT	HINGEJOINT
BONY FEATURE	bones of the leg (tibia and fibula) and the foot (talus).
SOFT TISSUE STRUCTURE	Medial Ligament The medial ligament (or deltoid ligament) is attached to the medial malleolus (a bony prominence projecting from the medial aspect of the distal tibia). Lateral Ligament The lateral ligament originates from the lateral malleolus Anterior talofibular – spans between the lateral malleolus and lateral aspect of the talus. Posterior talofibular – spans between the lateral malleolus and the posterior aspect of the talus. Calcaneofibular – spans between the lateral malleolus and the calcaneus.
CLINICAL CORELATION	The ankle joint and associated ligaments can be visualised as a ring in the coronal plane: The upper part of the ring is formed by the articular surfaces of the tibia and fibula. The lower part of the ring is formed by the subtalar joint (between the talus and the calcaneus). The sides of the ring are formed by the medial and lateral ligaments. A ring, when broken, usually breaks in two places a fracture of the ankle joint may occur in association with ligament damage (which would not be apparent on x-ray).