For the following table, mark an X for all the actions performed by the listed muscles.

How would the musculoskeletal system of humans adapt to a low gravity environment? What would their bones and muscles look like? Consider the following parts of the musculoskeletal system in your answer: Bone length, Bone diameter, Bone density, Muscle type, location, and size, Anything else you think is important to the musculoskeletal system.

The following conditions can be diagnosed by CT scan Heart Disease--a ct scan is used to find calcium deposits in plaque of people with heart disease. A doctor may also order a coronary ct angiogram to get pictures of the arteries in your heart. This patient would be referred to a cardiologist. Emphysema--a ct scan is used to spot focal lucencys (emphysematous spaces) which measure up to 1cm and are located centrally within the second pulmonary lobule. This patient would be referred to a pulmonologist. Liver Masses--on a non contrast ct the masses are usually not seen due to the similarity in density between the mass and the liver tissue. Thus a contrast CT is required. These patients are referred to a hematologist

IN 2-3 LINES WHAT DO YOU AGREE AND HOW WOULD COMMENT?

When you determined the relative refractory period, you actually recorded the interval when a few neurons entered the relative refractory period. Explain why at this interval only some neurons have entered the relative refractory period.

A 24-year-old female visits her GP after having been in an automobile accident three days prior. She reports that while driving in slippery conditions she rear-ended the car in front of her and she was then rear-ended by the car behind her. She was traveling at about 30 mph and her airbags did employ. She reports first responders found no injuries but advised her to follow up with her GP if she developed any unusual symptoms. The woman reports that she seemed fine after the accident but did wake the morning after with a bit of a stiff neck and a headache; she didn't feel this was unusual given the accident and went on about her day. At the end of the next day she had to carry heavy bags up two flights of stairs to her apartment and when almost to her door she felt a zing all the way down her right arm. She immediately put the bags down. When she lifted the bags again her right arm felt numb. She woke this morning with a very stiff neck, stiffness in her upper arm, and “tingles” in her neck and down her entire arm. Musculoskeletal examination revealed limited ability to flex the neck – guarding by the posterior muscles of the neck, reduced ability to extend and flex the elbow, reduced ability to extend the wrist and digit, and general peripheral neuropathy (loss of muscle innervation and cutaneous sensation) to the arm. From your knowledge to date from discussions in the class, and use of critical reasoning, please answer the following questions.

1. What muscles of the neck have been affected?

2. What muscles of the brachium have been affected?

3. What muscles of the antebrachium have been affected?

4. If the woman was in a state of shock she might not have realized a skeletal injury; what skeletal elements (bones) and features would be associated with the effected muscles of the neck? In other words, what specific bones/bone features may have been injured?

5. If the woman was in a state of shock she might not have realized a skeletal injury; what skeletal elements (bones) and features would be associated with the effected muscles of the brachium?

6. If the woman was in a state of shock she might not have realized a skeletal injury; what skeletal elements (bones) and features would be associated with the effected muscles of the antebrachium?

7. Given the woman has peripheral neuropathy (loss of innervation to muscle tissue and cutaneous sensation) of the neck and arm what axial skeletal region has likely been affected?

8. What specific feature of the axial skeletal element would have caused compression of spinal nerves?

9. From the above information (case study and answering the questions) what condition do you believe the woman has as a result of her accident?

10. What diagnostics, if any, would you employ to further investigate the injury – and why or why not?

26. Veins present with the following features except:
a. valves b. transport blood from body to heart
c. lumen wide than arteries d. Tunica media is the thickest

27. The left side of the head is drain by the
a. left lymphatic duct b. right lymphatic duct c. thoracic duct d. axillary node

28. The direction of fluid of the lymph is carried away from the heart
a. T b. F

29. Plasma cells are lymphocytes that
a. produce antibodies b. phagocyte foreign substances
c. produce antigens d. produce reticular fiber stroma

30. Cells that engulf foreign substances and help activate T cell are
a. T cells b. B cells c. Reticular cells d. Macrophages e. Plasma cell

31. Lymph nodes bear fewer afferent lymphatic vessels than efferent lymphatic vessels
a. T b. F

32. The part of the lymph node that house T cell in transit is the
a. medulla b. hilus c. cortex d. capsule

33. All of these organs are part of the lymphatic system except:
a. Spleen b. Thymus c. Pancreas d. Tonsils e. Peyer’s patches

34. The lymphoid organ that functions primarily during the first years of life is the
a. Spleen b. Thymus c. Pancreas d. Tonsils e. Peyer’s patches

35. Which lymphoid organ stores products of red blood cells, is site for erythropoietin before
birth, and stores blood platelets?
a. Spleen b. Thymus c. Pancreas d. Tonsils e. Peyer’s patches

36. The saclike initial portion of the thoracic duct is the
a. lacteal b. right lymphatic duct c. cisterna chyli d. lymph sac

37. The structural framework of lymphoid organs is
a. areolar connective tissue b. hematopoietic tissue c. reticular tissue d. adipose tissue

38. The blood pressure range is greatest in a/an/the:
a. vein b. venule c. capillary d. artery e. arteriole

39. How many different sites are where a pulse can be palpated above the heart?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5   

40. Collections of lymphoid tissue (MALT) that guard mucosal surfaces include all of
following except
a. GI tract b. respiratory tract  
c. reproductive tract d. mediastinum e. urinary tract

41. The tricuspid valve is:
a. the left AV valve b. located in the AV junction c. the right AV valve

42. The layer over the external surface of the heart also called visceral layer of the heart is the _______
a. endocardium b. myocardium c. epicardium

43. The _______________ , functional supply of the heart, is the shortest circulation in the body.
a. systemic circulation b. pulmonary circulation c. coronary circulation

44. The relaxation of the period of the heart refers to:
a. contraction b. preload c. diastole d. systole

45. The term bradycardia refers to:
a. amount of blood at any given time in the hart b. a heart rate slower than 60 beat per minute
c. stretch of the heart with each contraction d. an impulse of the AV of 60 times

46. In Tetralogy of Fallot the chamber of the heart that eventually enlarges (hypertrophies) is the __________.
a. left ventricle b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. right atrium   

47. The following are factors used as short terms mechanism to control arterial blood pressure except
a. atrial natriuretic peptide b. renal regulation c. angiotensin II
d. antidiuretic hormone e. adrenal medulla hormones

48. When the heart is inefficient to sustain adequate circulation is called:
a. cardiogenic shock b. vascular shock c. hypovolemic shock d. septic shock

49. Which component of the lymphatic structures is responsible for the formation of all formed elements?
a. spleen b. lymph nodes c. thymus d. red bone marrow e. tonsils

50. Which structure of the lymphatic system initiates the immune response when an organ is attack by a pathogen or tumor?
a. spleen b. lymph nodes c. thymus d. red bone marrow e. tonsils

1. Define res ipsa loquitur and discuss a specific case history example. Please provide the reference citation (APA, 6th ed.).

2. Identify the four D's of negligence for the physician.

3. List ten ways to prevent malpractice.

4. Identify and explain the three types of damage rewards.

Trace the pathway of the blood through the heart by placing the following structures in order that the blood passes through starting with the right side of the heart. tricuspid valve aorta right ventricle superior/inferior vena cava mitral valve pulmonary valve left ventricle right atrium left atria pulmonary trunk aortic valve lungs

Let’s say the synapses of a neuron’s dendrites are filled with glutamate-gated channels which, when activated by glutamate, cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in the neuron. In one instance, glutamate is released at all of the synapses simultaneously and this leads to an action potential in the neuron.

A) What type of summation of PSPs is this? Why?

B) List the sequence of steps that occur starting from binding of glutamate to the glutamate-gated channels at the synapses and ending with the membrane potential at the axon hillock returning to resting potential at the end of the action potential. (Include all the changes in voltage-gated channels underlying the action potential.)

Typical anti-depressants create more of this neurotransmitter in the synapse to bind with postsynaptic neurons: