1- Explain your understanding of the how the action potential (the electricity) passes from the motor neuron to the skeletal muscle. 2- In your own words, discuss the steps of how a skeletal muscle contracts. 3- If a muscle is not getting enough oxygen, which kind of cellular respiration w ill it use? 4- What is the oxygen debt?

PATIENT MEDICAL HISTORY

Georgia is a 32 year old woman who has been suffering from recurrent (sometimes severe) headaches, and periods of fatigue since late childhood (~10-11 years of age). In her early twenties (21 years of age) she was diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and began to experience periods of unexplained abdominal pain.

Georgia’s symptoms have waxed and waned over times, sometimes she feels fine but other times (since ~10-11 years of age) the headaches, fatigue and abdominal pain (since ~21 years of age) seem overwhelming. Lately the fatigue and abdominal pains have been particularly bad.

Georgia is afraid to eat because she does not know when the abdominal pain will strike or what is causing it. She has begun to lose weight but her food restriction has not addressed the pain. Regardless of whether she has eaten a large or small meal, and regardless of ingredients the pain can occur.

Georgia’s doctor performed several tests and noticed symptoms of inflammation in some areas of the intestine, after ruling out other conditions her doctor has suggested Georgia may have Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). However, IBD would not explain why Georgia sometimes experiences upper abdominal pain or why the location of the pain seems to move around different areas of the abdomen.

Georgia feels tired all of the time; the amount of sleep she gets does not seem to lessen the fatigue. She finds mornings especially difficult but fatigue is present throughout the day. She finds it difficult to concentrate and her performance at work has begun to suffer. She sometimes feels too tired to climb the stairs to her second floor apartment.Her doctor sent her to a sleep clinic but an overnight sleep observation study did not find anything abnormal.

While Georgia is most concerned with the abdominal pain and fatigue she has other symptoms as well:

• Mild cognitive dysfunction (“brain fog”)

• Dermatographism

• Inflammation and pain in several joints (hips, knees, elbows, hands/fingers) and lower back pain

• Occasional flushing (noticeably red face and sometimes other areas of the skin with no cause; different from blushing which is usually milder and caused by emotions such as embarrassment)

• Occasional diaphoresis (excessive sweating for no apparent reason usually across the whole body or multiple areas of the body)

• Occasional mild dyspnea (shortness of breath; feeling like you can’t get enough air)

Georgia’s doctor has consulted some colleagues who recommended a full blood work up and tests to measure the levels of some key immune response molecules. Georgia’s tests show the following:

• Mild and transient leukocytosis (transient = in blood drawn at some times but not others)

• Mild and transient elevated serum total tryptase level (transient = in blood drawn at some times but not others)

• Elevated urinary histamine metabolites and urinary levels of PGD2 (prostaglandin D2)

How might an immune response contribute to:

• Q1a) Dermatographism?

• Q1b). Abdominal pain?

Q1c). What common immune response involves all of the markers elevated in Georgia’s tests: tryptase, histamine and prostaglandin D2 (1 mark)?

After reviewing her tests Georgia’s doctor concludes she has Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS), a disease characterized by chronic multi-system inflammation. Her doctor rules out mastocytocis (accumulation of mast cells).

Basically Georgia’s mast cell responses are too strong which could be because she has too many mast cells, her mast cells are hyperactive or both. Since her doctor has ruled out mastocytosis there are not an abnormal number of mast cells

We initially looked at white blood cells commonly found in circulation and therefore when it came to granulocytes focused on basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils. Mast cells are also granulocytes though not found in large numbers in circulation.

Q1d). What do granulocytes all have in common both in structure and in immune response roles ?

Q1e). If they aren’t in circulation then where in the body are mast cells located (1 mark)?

Q1f). Based on your answers above describe the link between aberrant (too strong) mast cell responses and chronic multi-system inflammation .

2. Explain how the directional movement of phosphates from ATP to water can be used to turn on and off proteins, power active transport, and power the directional movement of “walking proteins”. In what way is the powering of walking proteins distinctly different than the other two?

13. What is retrograde signaling? What is it about endocannabinoids that makes retrograde signaling possible? What aspect of the general way the endocannabinoids seem to work seems unexpected given that these are lipid soluble molecules?

A 52 year old Caucasian man presents to the dermatologist after his wife noticed a dark, bleeding lesion on his back. The patient was unaware of the lesion until his wife noticed it. Upon further questioning to the patient's wife, she reports first noticing the lesion a few months prior. The lesion has since changed shape, and she grew more concerned when she noticed the bleeding and increased size. The patient denies any history of atypical moles. He reports that he used to spend summers working as a lifeguard when he was much younger. He mentions that he rarely used sunblock. On physical examination, a 7 mm symmetrical lesion with irregular borders and nonuniform color is observed on the right upper back.

1. What are some risk factors for this condition? Please note: there are some risk factors in the patient's history and other risk factors that are not mentioned. List at least 5 risk factors?

What substance allows the Action Potential to move so quickly?

Interpersonal Communication Subject

Advice Columnist - Part 1

Submit the first part of the advice column project here. As a refresher, here are the guidelines for this component:

• Write a brief letter (1-2 paragraphs) in the form of an anonymous letter to an advice columnist; be succinct, yet detailed enough to give your reader (and potential respondent) a clear idea of the challenge being faced.
• It should be about a real-life, interpersonal communication challenge you have recently experienced, or are experiencing (in any relational context: familial, platonic, romantic, or professional/workplace).
• Have a specific request or question to indicate what it is you want help resolving.
• Indicate on a scale of 1-5 how important this issue is (1 being extremely important and something you want advice on, and 5 being important, but ok if you don't get advice) on it.

There's no 'wrong' way to do this assignment. When I post these on Canvas I will remove any identifying information.

Please help me, experts, I would greatly appreciate it.

Why are certain proteins needed—such as albumin and alpha and beta globulins—to transport lipids (e.g., fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol) within a body?

Describe the good and bad effects of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) on our health. How do “Statins” help reduce LDL in blood?

Answers in complete sentences!

-Describe endochondral ossification from Mesenchyme to complete formation of bone, make sure to first discuss the formation of the hyaline cartilage model.

- Describe intramembraneous ossification from Mesenchyme to complete formation of bone.

- Differences between male and female skeleton; include characteristic and a description of how the characteristics are different (this could be about the general skeleton or about the pelvis since we went into lots of detail there)

-Differences between the adult skull and the fetal skull

Pick one of the two following prompts to address:

1. Imagine you are an oxygen molecule. What is your pathway into a human respiratory system and ultimately into the bloodstream?

2. What is the complete pathway for food through the alimentary canal beginning with the oral cavity?

Upon discussion of the tensile data with other engineers you are advised that nanoindentation testing of the human cortical bone may be useful. What motivation is there for using nanoindentation for determining bone mechanical properties? Your answer should be no more than 250 words and you should cite any reference(s) you use to support your arguments.

connect concepts: cellular structure
glycocalyx, DNA, cytoskeleton, fimbriae, protein cell wall, 70s ribosome, hami, organelles, peptidoglyan cell wall, 80s ribosomes in cytosol