explain 3 ways that cardiac output and total peripheral resistance are altered to affect blood pressure.

   A) Define these terms. Don’t just explain the abbreviation. Give a functional definition.

IRV

TV

ERV

RV

IV

FRC

VC

TLC

B) Give one way of calculating each of the following:

TLC =

VC =

IC =

FRC =

C) TLC = 6500 VC = 5000 Find RV.

   TLC = 6500   IC = 3500 Find FRC.

   TLC = 6500   RV = 1200 Find VC.

   IC = 3500 TV = 600 Find IRV.

FRC = 2300 RV = 1200 Find ERV.

D) The total volume of air in Jeffrey’s lungs is 5800 mL. If his IC is 3200 and his RV is 1000, calculate his ERV and FRC.

TLC = 4200, VC = 3200, IC = 2000 Calculate the FRC and RV?

   VC = 3200, IC = 2200, ERV = 1000, RV = 1000 Calculate the TLC.

The total volume of air Sally can inhale after a quiet exhalation is 3400 mL. When Sally is sitting still she inhales 400 mL and there is 2200 mL left in her lungs. Calculate or figure out from the information given in the question the following values TV, TLC, IC, FRC, IRV.

When at rest Jeremy inspires and expires 600 mL. While his lungs can hold 7000 mL of air only 5500 mL can move in and out, if he really, really tries. Normally, there is 3400 mL of air left in his lungs after a quiet expiration. Calculate or figure out TV, ERV, TLC, IC, FRC, IRV, RV.

1) Describe the compartments through which body fluids are distributed within the body.

2) Explain how chemical buffer systems, the respiratory center, and the kidneys minimize changing pH values

An athletic 21-year old, African-American male in good health joined a climb partway up Mt. Rainier in Washington. Despite his overall fitness, the rigors of the climb were far greater than he expected, and he found himself breathing heavily. At an elevation of 6000 feet, he began to feel twinges of pain on the left side of his upper abdomen. At 9000 feet, the pain worsened to the point that he stopped climbing and descended the mountain. The pain became very severe during the days after his climb. He went to the emergency room, where tests revealed a disorder in his red blood cells due to an abnormal form of the protein hemoglobin. The patient had a condition called sickle-cell trait. Such individuals are carriers of the gene that causes sickle-cell disease. How does a gene mutation result in a change in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin and how does this impact a person's blood when exposed to low oxygen?

Unmarked drugs are tested on neurons in order to identify them. The conditions of the neuron are that it is only permeable to K, Cl and Na.

1. The first test depolarizes the resting membrane potential from -70mV to -20mV. What are two reasons for this happening?

2. The second test on a new neuron, hyperpolarizes them -70mV to -90mv? What happened?

3. The last test resulted in no effect at first, then the Vm goes to 0mV and remains there. Why does this happen?

Mrs. L is a 63-year-old woman who reports constant back pain. Further inquiry into her medical history revealed that over the past 3 years, she has suffered from fractures of her femur and wrist after minor falls. She experienced menopause at age 49. Mrs. L has a secretarial job, drives to work, and she “does not have time for exercise.” She reports that she consumes 8 to 10 cups of coffee a day and has been a smoker most of her adult life. She has not seen her physician recently nor had a recommended bone density test because of the time and cost involved.

1. Relate Mrs. L’s history to the diagnosis of osteoporosis. What risk factors are present, and how does each predispose to decreased bone density? what are the 3 risk factors and its predisposition?

1- Explain your understanding of the how the action potential (the electricity) passes from the motor neuron to the skeletal muscle. 2- In your own words, discuss the steps of how a skeletal muscle contracts. 3- If a muscle is not getting enough oxygen, which kind of cellular respiration w ill it use? 4- What is the oxygen debt?

PATIENT MEDICAL HISTORY

Georgia is a 32 year old woman who has been suffering from recurrent (sometimes severe) headaches, and periods of fatigue since late childhood (~10-11 years of age). In her early twenties (21 years of age) she was diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and began to experience periods of unexplained abdominal pain.

Georgia’s symptoms have waxed and waned over times, sometimes she feels fine but other times (since ~10-11 years of age) the headaches, fatigue and abdominal pain (since ~21 years of age) seem overwhelming. Lately the fatigue and abdominal pains have been particularly bad.

Georgia is afraid to eat because she does not know when the abdominal pain will strike or what is causing it. She has begun to lose weight but her food restriction has not addressed the pain. Regardless of whether she has eaten a large or small meal, and regardless of ingredients the pain can occur.

Georgia’s doctor performed several tests and noticed symptoms of inflammation in some areas of the intestine, after ruling out other conditions her doctor has suggested Georgia may have Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). However, IBD would not explain why Georgia sometimes experiences upper abdominal pain or why the location of the pain seems to move around different areas of the abdomen.

Georgia feels tired all of the time; the amount of sleep she gets does not seem to lessen the fatigue. She finds mornings especially difficult but fatigue is present throughout the day. She finds it difficult to concentrate and her performance at work has begun to suffer. She sometimes feels too tired to climb the stairs to her second floor apartment.Her doctor sent her to a sleep clinic but an overnight sleep observation study did not find anything abnormal.

While Georgia is most concerned with the abdominal pain and fatigue she has other symptoms as well:

• Mild cognitive dysfunction (“brain fog”)

• Dermatographism

• Inflammation and pain in several joints (hips, knees, elbows, hands/fingers) and lower back pain

• Occasional flushing (noticeably red face and sometimes other areas of the skin with no cause; different from blushing which is usually milder and caused by emotions such as embarrassment)

• Occasional diaphoresis (excessive sweating for no apparent reason usually across the whole body or multiple areas of the body)

• Occasional mild dyspnea (shortness of breath; feeling like you can’t get enough air)

Georgia’s doctor has consulted some colleagues who recommended a full blood work up and tests to measure the levels of some key immune response molecules. Georgia’s tests show the following:

• Mild and transient leukocytosis (transient = in blood drawn at some times but not others)

• Mild and transient elevated serum total tryptase level (transient = in blood drawn at some times but not others)

• Elevated urinary histamine metabolites and urinary levels of PGD2 (prostaglandin D2)

How might an immune response contribute to:

• Q1a) Dermatographism?

• Q1b). Abdominal pain?

Q1c). What common immune response involves all of the markers elevated in Georgia’s tests: tryptase, histamine and prostaglandin D2 (1 mark)?

After reviewing her tests Georgia’s doctor concludes she has Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS), a disease characterized by chronic multi-system inflammation. Her doctor rules out mastocytocis (accumulation of mast cells).

Basically Georgia’s mast cell responses are too strong which could be because she has too many mast cells, her mast cells are hyperactive or both. Since her doctor has ruled out mastocytosis there are not an abnormal number of mast cells

We initially looked at white blood cells commonly found in circulation and therefore when it came to granulocytes focused on basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils. Mast cells are also granulocytes though not found in large numbers in circulation.

Q1d). What do granulocytes all have in common both in structure and in immune response roles ?

Q1e). If they aren’t in circulation then where in the body are mast cells located (1 mark)?

Q1f). Based on your answers above describe the link between aberrant (too strong) mast cell responses and chronic multi-system inflammation .

2. Explain how the directional movement of phosphates from ATP to water can be used to turn on and off proteins, power active transport, and power the directional movement of “walking proteins”. In what way is the powering of walking proteins distinctly different than the other two?

13. What is retrograde signaling? What is it about endocannabinoids that makes retrograde signaling possible? What aspect of the general way the endocannabinoids seem to work seems unexpected given that these are lipid soluble molecules?

A 52 year old Caucasian man presents to the dermatologist after his wife noticed a dark, bleeding lesion on his back. The patient was unaware of the lesion until his wife noticed it. Upon further questioning to the patient's wife, she reports first noticing the lesion a few months prior. The lesion has since changed shape, and she grew more concerned when she noticed the bleeding and increased size. The patient denies any history of atypical moles. He reports that he used to spend summers working as a lifeguard when he was much younger. He mentions that he rarely used sunblock. On physical examination, a 7 mm symmetrical lesion with irregular borders and nonuniform color is observed on the right upper back.

1. What are some risk factors for this condition? Please note: there are some risk factors in the patient's history and other risk factors that are not mentioned. List at least 5 risk factors?

What substance allows the Action Potential to move so quickly?

Interpersonal Communication Subject

Advice Columnist - Part 1

Submit the first part of the advice column project here. As a refresher, here are the guidelines for this component:

• Write a brief letter (1-2 paragraphs) in the form of an anonymous letter to an advice columnist; be succinct, yet detailed enough to give your reader (and potential respondent) a clear idea of the challenge being faced.
• It should be about a real-life, interpersonal communication challenge you have recently experienced, or are experiencing (in any relational context: familial, platonic, romantic, or professional/workplace).
• Have a specific request or question to indicate what it is you want help resolving.
• Indicate on a scale of 1-5 how important this issue is (1 being extremely important and something you want advice on, and 5 being important, but ok if you don't get advice) on it.

There's no 'wrong' way to do this assignment. When I post these on Canvas I will remove any identifying information.

Please help me, experts, I would greatly appreciate it.