Carbohydrates can serve as energy for the brain, storing energy for the muscles, and digestive aids. However, unlike proteins, carbohydrates continue to be perceived as “bad food” in the diet. Individuals may go to great length to “avoid” carbohydrates but eat a “healthy diet.”
While some consumers may take a more moderate approach and use replacement or substitute sweeteners (alternative sweeteners) to replace sucrose, use of a variety of foods should be the preferred route to a healthy diet. Discuss the fallacies in thinking that alternative sweeteners can replace sugar and discuss the role of alternative sweeteners in a dietary plan for a healthy adult.

In the following scenario, what advice would you recommend to the individuals and why?
You are visiting overnight with family relatives that you have not seen for some time. The mother of the family (your distant aunt) is quite overweight and the two children, 12 y/o and 16 y/o, are “heavy” but you would not classify them as obese. The father of the family recently had a heart attack and while in the hospital was put on a low-fat diet. He is not overweight by observation.
Your aunt is trying to follow the diet “faithfully” for her husband and believes that having everyone in the household follow the diet would be best (children included). The diet includes lean meats and low-fat dairy products. Your aunt decided that the family should also cut out carbohydrates as well given that “they can cause you to become fat” and is making sure that everyone is consuming plenty of liquids to wash away the plaque in the arteries.
What do you think of this diet and what recommendations would you give to your aunt and her family?

Question 10

1. Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?

   		detection of a sensation
   		often binds other tissues together
   		protects underlying tissue
   		absorption of substances

Question 14

1. Which of the following is NOT a function of the trachea?

   		provide a pathway for air to enter the lungs.
   		provide a pathway for air to exit the lungs
   		trap dust and debris to prevent it from entering the lungs.
   		prevent food from entering the lungs

Question 16

1. Which of these is NOT typically found at a synapse?

   		a synaptic cleft
   		neurotransmitter receptors
   		glial cells
   		synaptic vesicles

Question 18

1. Targets of the autonomic nervous system include all of the following except:

   		cardiac muscle
   		blood vessels
   		endocrine glands
   		skeletal muscles

Question 25

1. Which of the following hormones is not considered a stress hormone?

   		epinephrine
   		cortisol
   		norepinephrine
   		insulin

Question 29

1. Your physician tells you that you have an excess amount of glucose in your urine. What could this be a symptom of?

   		heart disease
   		eating too much sugar
   		type II diabetes
   		lactose intolerance

a women spent a week on a cruise ship with periodic feeling of vertigo, but she successfully treated her initial nausea with drugs for motion sickness. A week after she disembarked, her feeling of vertigo returned. HOwever, this time it seemed like the room was spinning and she now had tinnitus.

1. Which organs of the vestibular apparatus would be activated by movements of the ship at sea? what role does vision play in vertigo caused by this movement? explain

2. what might cause the nausea of seasickness, and how does medication help to relieve this nause?

3. What is tinnitus, and how might it be produced when a person has vertigo?

17). Describe the stages of endochondral ossification and name at least one (1) bone that is formed using this process.

18). What effect does the hormone calcitonin have on blood calcium levels & how does it produce this effect? Explain.

19). What effect does parathyroid hormone have on blood calcium levels & how does it produce this effect? Explain.

20). How is vitamin D synthesized and what effect does vitamin D have on blood calcium concentrations? Explain.

compare and contrast spongy and compact bone. how does their structure correlate with their function.

Art-labeling Activity: Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys: The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Many dogs have a hypersensitive fight or flight response triggered by fireworks. From a neurological perspective, describe how this response may develop in dogs. Include in your discussion the role of conditioned vs. unconditioned responses, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), the amygdala, and the limbic system.

1. State the normal ranges and discuss the clinical importance of:

Total RBC count, -

Total WBC count,

Hematocrit (Hct)

Describe how the bacterial lac operon works

What is the energy of activation?  Do endergonic reactions possess an energy of activation?  What about exergonic reactions

What is the function of NADH & FADH2 in cell respiration

How do proteins & fats get incorporated into the cell respiration pathway

In the fermentation pathway, why do we need to form lactic acid even though no ATP is formed during this step?

Describe the spindle reflex – what is special about it anatomically? what else is it called? is it normally sensate or insensate? What stimulates it?

1. Describe the basic arrangement of a reflex. How does it differ depending on whether it is from the ANS or somatic NS?