Art-labeling Activity: Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys: The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Many dogs have a hypersensitive fight or flight response triggered by fireworks. From a neurological perspective, describe how this response may develop in dogs. Include in your discussion the role of conditioned vs. unconditioned responses, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), the amygdala, and the limbic system.

1. State the normal ranges and discuss the clinical importance of:

Total RBC count, -

Total WBC count,

Hematocrit (Hct)

Describe how the bacterial lac operon works

What is the energy of activation?  Do endergonic reactions possess an energy of activation?  What about exergonic reactions

What is the function of NADH & FADH2 in cell respiration

How do proteins & fats get incorporated into the cell respiration pathway

In the fermentation pathway, why do we need to form lactic acid even though no ATP is formed during this step?

Describe the spindle reflex – what is special about it anatomically? what else is it called? is it normally sensate or insensate? What stimulates it?

1. Describe the basic arrangement of a reflex. How does it differ depending on whether it is from the ANS or somatic NS?

For the following table, mark an X for all the actions performed by the listed muscles.

How would the musculoskeletal system of humans adapt to a low gravity environment? What would their bones and muscles look like? Consider the following parts of the musculoskeletal system in your answer: Bone length, Bone diameter, Bone density, Muscle type, location, and size, Anything else you think is important to the musculoskeletal system.

The following conditions can be diagnosed by CT scan Heart Disease--a ct scan is used to find calcium deposits in plaque of people with heart disease. A doctor may also order a coronary ct angiogram to get pictures of the arteries in your heart. This patient would be referred to a cardiologist. Emphysema--a ct scan is used to spot focal lucencys (emphysematous spaces) which measure up to 1cm and are located centrally within the second pulmonary lobule. This patient would be referred to a pulmonologist. Liver Masses--on a non contrast ct the masses are usually not seen due to the similarity in density between the mass and the liver tissue. Thus a contrast CT is required. These patients are referred to a hematologist

IN 2-3 LINES WHAT DO YOU AGREE AND HOW WOULD COMMENT?

When you determined the relative refractory period, you actually recorded the interval when a few neurons entered the relative refractory period. Explain why at this interval only some neurons have entered the relative refractory period.

A 24-year-old female visits her GP after having been in an automobile accident three days prior. She reports that while driving in slippery conditions she rear-ended the car in front of her and she was then rear-ended by the car behind her. She was traveling at about 30 mph and her airbags did employ. She reports first responders found no injuries but advised her to follow up with her GP if she developed any unusual symptoms. The woman reports that she seemed fine after the accident but did wake the morning after with a bit of a stiff neck and a headache; she didn't feel this was unusual given the accident and went on about her day. At the end of the next day she had to carry heavy bags up two flights of stairs to her apartment and when almost to her door she felt a zing all the way down her right arm. She immediately put the bags down. When she lifted the bags again her right arm felt numb. She woke this morning with a very stiff neck, stiffness in her upper arm, and “tingles” in her neck and down her entire arm. Musculoskeletal examination revealed limited ability to flex the neck – guarding by the posterior muscles of the neck, reduced ability to extend and flex the elbow, reduced ability to extend the wrist and digit, and general peripheral neuropathy (loss of muscle innervation and cutaneous sensation) to the arm. From your knowledge to date from discussions in the class, and use of critical reasoning, please answer the following questions.

1. What muscles of the neck have been affected?

2. What muscles of the brachium have been affected?

3. What muscles of the antebrachium have been affected?

4. If the woman was in a state of shock she might not have realized a skeletal injury; what skeletal elements (bones) and features would be associated with the effected muscles of the neck? In other words, what specific bones/bone features may have been injured?

5. If the woman was in a state of shock she might not have realized a skeletal injury; what skeletal elements (bones) and features would be associated with the effected muscles of the brachium?

6. If the woman was in a state of shock she might not have realized a skeletal injury; what skeletal elements (bones) and features would be associated with the effected muscles of the antebrachium?

7. Given the woman has peripheral neuropathy (loss of innervation to muscle tissue and cutaneous sensation) of the neck and arm what axial skeletal region has likely been affected?

8. What specific feature of the axial skeletal element would have caused compression of spinal nerves?

9. From the above information (case study and answering the questions) what condition do you believe the woman has as a result of her accident?

10. What diagnostics, if any, would you employ to further investigate the injury – and why or why not?