Why is autoimmunity sometimes associated with infection and how would you test if it is the cause?

In chapter 20 we covered the immune system, both the innate and adaptive. Choose a pathogen and describe how the body will use both innate and adaptive means to combat this pathogen. Get creative with this, there are so many different viruses, bacteria, and parasites that can make us sick!

Make sure you mention the disease/parasite/ailment that is caused by the pathogen, what the body does to protect itself innately, and how the body adapts to this.

1. explain the roles of the adaptive defenses including B cells, T-cells, antibodies-structure, function, classes.

2. Outline the process of digestion from mouth to anus. Be sure to discuss important structures along the way, enzymes, and process.

1. obtain a slide of a blood-vessel (artery) and a slide of the esophagus: compare the lining. What types of cells are there?

What is the difference?

Why do you think this is?

2. Compare adipocyte tissue with alveoli. How can you distinguish between them?

) Describe how skeletal muscle derives ATP over a period of prolonged activity.  Use these subheadings as a guide to start your thinking.  Do this out loud in lab and by hand later:

• Creatine Phosphate

• Oxidative Phosphorylation

• Glycolysis

• Glycogen

• Circulating Glucose

• Circulating Fatty Acids

• Amino Acids

• Lactic Acid

• High Oxygen Levels

• Low Oxygen Levels

• Gluconeogenesis

1. Which of the following cell type(s) produces and secretes antibodies?

   	A.	Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
   	B.	B-lymphocytes
   	C.	Helper T-lymphocytes
   	D.	Plasma Cells
   	E.	Neutrophils
   	F.	Both A and C
   	G.	Both B and D
   	H.	B, D, and E

1 points   

QUESTION 2

1. Which of the following cell types secrete interleukins to coordinate the immune system?

   	A.	Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
   	B.	Memory B-lymphocytes
   	C.	Basophils
   	D.	Eosinophils
   	E.	Helper T-lymphocytes

1 points   

QUESTION 3

1. Which of the following cell types perform their function using perforin and granzymes? (select all that apply)

   	A.	Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
   	B.	Monocytes
   	C.	Eosinophils
   	D.	Natural Killer Cells
   	E.	Basophils
   	F.	Memory T-lymphocytes

1 points   

QUESTION 4

1. Which of the following statements regarding vaccines is FALSE?

   	A.	They provide a type of artificially acquired active immunity.
   	B.	Increased compliance in vaccinations will increase herd immunity and decrease disease incidence
   	C.	Vaccines have been proven to cause autism
   	D.	The diseases that vaccines provide immunity against are still present in the environment

1 points   

QUESTION 5

1. Which of the following statements regarding the mucociliary escalator is FALSE?

   	A.	It helps prevent dust and debris from getting into our alveoli
   	B.	Cilia are not required for the mucociliary escalator
   	C.	Mucous traps harmful substances and allows us to clear them from our respiratory tract
   	D.	Can be found only within the conducting zone of our respiratory system

1 points   

QUESTION 6

1. Please put the regions of the pharynx in order from most superior to most inferior.

         -       1.       2.       3.      

   Nasopharynx

   
         -       1.       2.       3.      

   Laryngopharynx

   
         -       1.       2.       3.      

   Oropharynx

1 points   

QUESTION 7

1. The vocal cords are part of the phaynx.

   True

   False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 8

1. The trachea is part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system,

   True

   False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 9

1. Please put the different types of bronchi/bronchioles in order from largest to smallest.

         -       1.       2.       3.       4.      

   Segmental

   
         -       1.       2.       3.       4.      

   Lobar

   
         -       1.       2.       3.       4.      

   Terminal Bronchioles

   
         -       1.       2.       3.       4.      

   Main

1 points   

QUESTION 10

1. Type I alveolar cells secrete surfactant.

   True

   False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 11

1. The right lung has 2 lobes and the left lung has 3 lobes.

   True

   False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 12

1. The lungs are housed in the _____________.

   	A.	Mediastinum
   	B.	Pleural Cavity
   	C.	Abdominal Cavity
   	D.	Pelvic Cavity
   	E.	Both A and C
   	F.	None of the above

1. Explain how a message is communicated from neurons to muscle fibers causing a contraction, include all of the components in the word bank from the matching activity. - This could be completed in a diagram as well (You will be completing this in a pre-lab as well).

In small groups, you will defend the use of your protein., ***PLANT PROTEIN*** You will describe in detail:

1. the composition

2. mechanism of action

3. rate of absorption and synthesis

4. timing of consumption

5. recommended dose

6. pros and cons

In addition, you should address the following:

1. What types of athletes would best benefit from your protein?

2. Are there any side effects of excessive consumption?

3. Estimate the cost of using the supplement for 1 week, 1 month, and 1 year.

Be creative with how you defend your supplement. Provide examples for even samples.

Please I need answer for #4 ASAP!!!

A patient has had a cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) because of gallstones and chronic inflammation of the gallbladder. He will be released from the hospital tomorrow. As a clinician, what recommendations would you offer to help him adapt to life without a gallbladder?

1...Which of the following types of hair is generally not found on bald men?

a...What structural characteristic of the epidermis prevents water loss and the entry of pathogens?

b...If you have a manicure and get your cuticles pushed back, the manicurist is technically doing what?

c....Which layer of the dermis contains the capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory nerve fibers that supply the epidermis?

d....Reduction in the number of elastic fibers in the skin of the elderly results in __________.

e....All of the following are functions of the subcutaneous layer EXCEPT __________.

The layer that contains areolar connective tissue is the __________ layer.

Which of the following is NOT an aging effect on skin?

Why are the elderly more prone to skin infections?

Individuals who live in locations with limited exposure to sunlight can have abnormal bone development due to an inability to absorb calcium and phosphate ions from the small intestine. Why does a limited exposure to sunlight cause abnormal bone development?

The skin can move easily over the underlying muscles because of the loose connective tissue within the __________.

Two women are comparable in age, body conformation, and are pregnant at the same time, but one experiences stretch marks, while the other does not. What would be a possible hypothesis for why there was an observed difference?

Collagen to repair a deep skin wound is produced by __________.

Skin exposed to ultraviolet light increases production of __________.

If an injury covers a large area, dermal repairs first begin with the division and migration of what cell type?

The process of skin repair after injury begins with __________.

The epidermal layer that consists almost entirely of keratin is the __________.

Which of these is NOT an accessory structure of the skin?

Please give interesting examples or unusual species of the fungus Chytridiomycota

The orthopaedic surgeon needs to carry out surgery on a patient which involves the
removal of a failed intervertebral disc. Compare a spinal cage with an intervertebral
implant and provide a recommendation for the surgeon as to which one should be
inserted in to the patient.

How does the principle of homeostasis relate to endocrine function? Provide a specific example of how hormones are regulated through the use of feedback systems.