Why are certain proteins needed—such as albumin and alpha and beta globulins—to transport lipids (e.g., fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol) within a body?

Describe the good and bad effects of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) on our health. How do “Statins” help reduce LDL in blood?

Answers in complete sentences!

-Describe endochondral ossification from Mesenchyme to complete formation of bone, make sure to first discuss the formation of the hyaline cartilage model.

- Describe intramembraneous ossification from Mesenchyme to complete formation of bone.

- Differences between male and female skeleton; include characteristic and a description of how the characteristics are different (this could be about the general skeleton or about the pelvis since we went into lots of detail there)

-Differences between the adult skull and the fetal skull

Pick one of the two following prompts to address:

1. Imagine you are an oxygen molecule. What is your pathway into a human respiratory system and ultimately into the bloodstream?

2. What is the complete pathway for food through the alimentary canal beginning with the oral cavity?

Upon discussion of the tensile data with other engineers you are advised that nanoindentation testing of the human cortical bone may be useful. What motivation is there for using nanoindentation for determining bone mechanical properties? Your answer should be no more than 250 words and you should cite any reference(s) you use to support your arguments.

connect concepts: cellular structure
glycocalyx, DNA, cytoskeleton, fimbriae, protein cell wall, 70s ribosome, hami, organelles, peptidoglyan cell wall, 80s ribosomes in cytosol

Describe the events that take place when the action potential spreads throughout the axon terminal leading up to the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

What would happen to the current if you remove Ca^2+ from the extracellular space? What would happen if you gradually increase the [Ca^2+] back to the physiological level?

A 32-year-old male repeat blood donor is found to be positive for HIV through nucleic acid testing, but he has been test-negative for HIV ½ antibodies and for HIV p24 antigen on several prior donations. Before all testing is completed, he returns to the blood collection center to donate HLA-matched platelets. At registration, the staff person notices that his prior record indicates his deferral status. She informs the donor that he is not eligible to donate the platelets. The donor is shocked and embarrassed by the news and storms out of the center. Two weeks later, the donor sues the blood center for intentional infliction of emotional stress.

Is the donor likely to be successful?

Explain how the hypothesis below came up/was developed based on the initial observations (see below).

Hypothesis: The recombinant-based assay for HCV will detect HCV antibodies in blood samples of people with hepatitis C or who are carriers of HCV, but not in non-HCV individuals.

Initial Observations:

I. Hepatitis is a general category of liver diseases. Several different viral agents have been found to infect the liver and cause inflammation and damage.

II. In the 1940s, researchers identified two forms of viral hepatitis. Infectious hepatitis, or hepatitis A, is transmitted by contact with feces from infected individuals. Serum hepatitis, or hepatitis B, is transmitted through the blood and other body fluids. The hepatitis B virus was isolated in the 1960s and the hepatitis A virus was isolated in the 1970s.

III. Following the isolation of these two viruses, assays were developed in order to identify individuals infected with hepatitis A or hepatitis B viruses.

IV. A form of hepatitis occurs in patients that test negative for hepatitis A or B. This form of hepatitis, initially called non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) but now referred to as hepatitis C, represented greater than 90% of transfusion-associated hepatitis.

V. Hepatitis C causes chronic disease which can lead to cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer.

VI. A recombinant-based assay for the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been developed, using RNA isolated from the hepatitis C virus.

A. Explain and describe the key differences between these two sets of experiments (see below):

B. Also explain the the significance of having two experiments as opposed to one experiment.

C. Identify the independent and dependent variable for these experiments.

Sets of Experiments I: HCV Status Experiments

In the first set of experiments, examine the blood samples of individuals with known HCV status. There are three groups of individuals in this experimental set: (1) individuals with chronic hepatitis C (this includes patients known to have chronic hepatitis C or blood donors who are known to have passed HCV onto recipients); (2) individuals with acute hepatitis C infections or blood donors who may have passed HCV onto recipients; (3) a control group of individuals, including normal blood donors (long time blood donors with no history of passing HCV onto recipients) or patients with hepatitis caused by alcohol or primary biliary cirrhosis. Repeat the assay four times per sample to assure consistency.

Sets of Experiments II: Blood Transfusion Recipients Experiments

In the second set of experiments, examine the blood of transfusion recipients known to have received blood from HCV positive donors. Assay the positive donors to determine the levels of HCV antibodies in their blood. Assay the recipients' blood every three months for twelve months in order to determine if HCV antibody levels increase or remain stable. As a control, assay recipients of blood transfusion from blood donors who were negative according to the HCV antibody assay. Assay the recipients of these negative donors every three months for twelve months.

Explain and describe the key differences between these two sets of experiments:

Sets of Experiments I: HCV Status Experiments

In the first set of experiments, examine the blood samples of individuals with known HCV status. There are three groups of individuals in this experimental set: (1) individuals with chronic hepatitis C (this includes patients known to have chronic hepatitis C or blood donors who are known to have passed HCV onto recipients); (2) individuals with acute hepatitis C infections or blood donors who may have passed HCV onto recipients; (3) a control group of individuals, including normal blood donors (long time blood donors with no history of passing HCV onto recipients) or patients with hepatitis caused by alcohol or primary biliary cirrhosis. Repeat the assay four times per sample to assure consistency.

Sets of Experiments II: Blood Transfusion Recipients Experiments

In the second set of experiments, examine the blood of transfusion recipients known to have received blood from HCV positive donors. Assay the positive donors to determine the levels of HCV antibodies in their blood. Assay the recipients' blood every three months for twelve months in order to determine if HCV antibody levels increase or remain stable. As a control, assay recipients of blood transfusion from blood donors who were negative according to the HCV antibody assay. Assay the recipients of these negative donors every three months for twelve months.

Explain the difference between an experiment for the specificity of the recombinant-based assay for HCV (Hepatitis C Virus) and an experiment for the sensitivity of the recombinant-based assay for HCV.

In addition, what is the significance of having these two experiments as opposed to only one experiment.