Briefly define the following terms:

1. Preload
2. Afterload
3. Starling’s law of the Heart

1. This is a very complicated problem. A condition termed panhypopituitarism is a disorder in which secretions from the anterior pituitaryare inadequate. In adults it often develops secondary to compression of the hypophyseal portal circulation, as could occur following a severe head injury or with a brain tumor.
   1. List the specific hormones and their target tissues that would be affected by panhypopituitarism. Which pituitary hormones would be less likely to be affected?
   2. Do you think that the secretion of releasing hormones from the hypothalamus would be increased or decreased in panhypopituitarism?? The answer to this is not entirely known but based on principles of physiological regulation (feedback and all that), you should be able to give an educated guess.

Prepare an outline that identifies the major “non-immune” protective barriers against microbial invasion.

How does the Rubella Virus pass from mother to placenta to fetus, causing congenital rubella syndrome?

Does the virus enter through gas exchange? If so, how?

From there, how does the rubella virus infect the cells of the fetus at a molecular level?

Thank you!

How is keratin is formed (mixture of keratin fibers & keratohyalin)

Describe the development of the eye and the distinct neuron pathways that allow for the complex processing of visual information.

• What is the optic placode and where does it originate?
• The temporal and nasal retinal fields are distinctly innervated. What causes the embryological difference between these structures?
• How does neuronal pathfinding work, both in general and in the optic nerve specifically?
  • What causes decussation in the optic chiasm?
  • Why do only some of the neurons decussate?
• How does the brain develop a map of the visual field?

Why is the presence of arteriosclerosis in the older person result in increase of systolic pressure and decrease in diastolic pressure?

Beginning with the aorta, what is the general arrangement of vessel classes of the systemic circuit, ending with the superior and inferior venae cavae.

Question 16 options: When giving a definition of HEMOGLOBIN, one must detail its molecular structure. Its 3 main chemical molecules are the 4 (?) chains, 4 (?) molecules and in the core of the latter, 4 elements of (?). Its main function is the transport of 2 important (?) in the body: (?) which is considered a nutrient product and (?) which is in part a waste product.

Given knowledge of local regulation of gas transport, the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, and neural control of respiration, give at least five reasons why exercising muscles that use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide, lactic acid and heat would have more oxygen delivered to them.

1. The combination of the proximal and distal versions of the articulation mentioned above provides for a distinct type of joint motion discussed in class. Which of the following are those joint motions (choose all that apply)?

a. rotation b. Combination c. flexion d.supination e.abduction f. adduction g. circumduction h. extension i. pronation

2. Which of the following bones/features are included in the pelvic girdle (choose all that apply)?

femure ilium sacrum pubis pubic symphesis ischium coccyx

When a HUMAN has an abnormal RBC or WBC count, whether it be high or low, it will lead to some kind of disorder. Therefore, indicate for the following specific situations, whether the person would have: HIGH RBC, HIGH WBC, LOW RBC or LOW WBC (indicate only one for each): (1) anemia (2) COPD (3) leukemia (4) rheumatoid arthritis