Identify and describe antibodies main purpose and how they function. What do antibodies react to and how are they created?

Explain how nervous signal transmission is propagated along the axon and what happens when the signal reaches its effector organ or tissue. In your discussion include a brief explanation of the refractory period. How can a signal be made stronger?

Distinguish the contractile units of cardiac and smooth muscle cells at the molecular level..

Which off the following does NOT occur during skeletal muscle contraction?

Titin fibers compress

Actin and myosin shorten

Sarcomers shorten

2. Action potential propagated along the sarcolemma stimulate ___________ located on transverse tubules.2.

Nicotinic receptors

Ryanodine receptors

DHP receptors

3. Which of the following does not occur during the "Excitation" of a skeletal muscle?

Group of answer choices

The cell membrane depolarizes

ATPase on myosin heads split ATP

The myosin head binding site on actin is exposed

The passive force of contraction increases

4. What happens as an IMMEDIATE result of Ryanodine receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum being stimulate?

Ryanodine receptors simulate DHP receptors on T-tubules

Myosin cross bridges are formed

Calcium ions diffuse out of the saroplasmic reticulum

5. Why does lactic acid produced during anaerobic metabolism cause fatigue?

Because H+ from lactic acid interfers with crossbridge formation

Because lactic acid produced duirng anaerobic metabolism produces only 2 molecules of ATP

Because the myosin head is denature by lactic aci

Based on your knowledge of sympathetic modulation of heart function explain why beta blockers may be effective in combating hypertension (4 pts):

How does the axon of a neuron establish resting potential? Explain the roles of the three proteins. Where are ions?

1. Calcium ions bind to ___________ on the thin filament, which leads to the exposure of myosin binding sites on actin.

A.) tropomyosin
B.) titin
C.) dystrophin
D.) troponin
E.) actin

2. Release of ACh

A.) decreases the positive charge on the sarcolemma.
B.)reduces the exposure of actin binding sites.
C.) lowers the threshold of the muscle fiber.
D.)increases permeability of the motor end plate to sodium ions.
E.) decreases the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

3. All of the following are needed to produce a skeletal muscle contraction, except __________.
       
A.) calcium ions in the sarcoplasm
B.) sodium ions entering the cell at the NMJ
C.) acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft
D.) ATP
E.) acetylcholinesterase activity

4. Stronger skeletal muscle contractions may be brought about by ____.

A.) increasing resting sarcomere length to allow only slight overlap between thick and thin filaments.
B.) recruiting more motor units
C.) stimulating the smallest muscle fibers
D.) decreasing the frequency of stimulation so the fibers can recover between cycles and produce more ATP.

5. All of the following occur during muscle contraction, except ____________________.

A.) the A band widens
B.) the I bands narrow
C.) the sarcomere shortens
D.) the H zone narrows
E.) the Z discs move towards the M line

By performing relevant research, provide the precise definition for each of the following items/variables. Physiology of sport and exercise.

• Hematocrit
• Arterial-venous oxygen difference
• Venous return
• Fick equation

Steve is a member of the West Coast Eagles football team. During practice, he suffered a high impact collided with a team-mate and injured the anterior compartment of his thigh. As a result of the collision, his quadriceps femoris muscle were compressed against the femur, resulting in quadriceps contusion or ‘cork thigh’

Explain what happens to the muscle compartment following such injuries

6) Which chamber of the peniss fills with very little blood during the erection process? Why doesn’t this section fill as much as the other chambers? (2 points)

7) Select all of the following that are functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system. (2 points)

A) Spermatocyte creation

B) Supplying nutrients for gamete motility

C) Moving fluids along the reproductive tract

D) Buffer production

E) Hormone secretion for fertility regulation

8) Which of the following could be issues caused by dysfunctional interstitial cells of the testes in an adult male? Select all that apply. (2 points)

A) Low sperm cell production

B) Increased levels of GnRH in the blood

C) No formation of the male reproductive structures

D) A lack of growth plate ossification

E) Lower energy levels in the body

9) Regular steroid injections of testosterone would cause which of the following to occur? (1 point)

A) Decreased sex drive

B) Decreased levels of GnRH

C) Increased levels of LH and FSH

D) All of the answers are correct.

E) None of the answers is correct.

10) Select all of the following that will result from a vasectomy procedure. (1 point)

A) Sterility

B) Lack of ejaculation

C) Increased muscle mass

D) A surge in testosterone production

E) Decreased erection capabilities

11) Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is true? (1 point)

A) Oogenesis begins after birth

B) Ova develop from stem cells called oogenesis

C) An ovum completes its last mitosis after it is fertilized

D) About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty

E) By the time of their birth, girls have already lost about 80 percent of their oocytes

12) Select all of the following that are true of the vagina. (1 point)

A) Loses its inner lining during menses

B) Has a cervix for connection to the uterus

C) Holds sperm before their movement to the uterus

D) Is the lower region of the birth canal

E) Assists in urine movement via the urethra

1. If you were to take a drug that depressed the nervous system how would that effect the ability to increase blood pressure when you needed to and how would heart rate respond?

15. The internationally recognized reference for bacterial classification and identification is called Bergey’s Manual for Systematic Bacteriology
True
False

27. Heat-fixation is performed in slide preparation in order to _________________________________.
       
Change the morphology of the organisms on the slide
       
Encourage bacterial growth on the slide
       
Inactivate and adhere microorganism placed on the slide
       
Protect the bacteria by hardening them to prevent destruction by the staining procedure

30. New approaches to antimicrobial therapy include
       Probiotics
       Prebiotics
       Bacteriophage against specific pathogens
       Fecal transplants from healthy individuals
       All of the answers are correct

32. Which of the following is not a causative agent in acute encephalitis?
       Naegleria fowleri
       Arboviruses
       West Nile virus
       Powassan virus

35. Which of the following processes is not a mechanism for prokaryotic organisms to accomplish horizontal gene transfer?
       
Transfiguration
       
Conjugation
       
Transformation
       
Transduction

What are the physiological advantages and disadvantages of a ‘brisk’ hypoxic ventilatory response at high altitude?

Evaluate the potential impacts of telehealth and other distance technologies on current healthcare systems. Discuss how these technologies can help with the care management of chronic diseases. Discuss at least 3 real-world applications.

Match each of the following descriptions with the correct cranial nerve. Each question will only have 1 ANSWER. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

a. Olfactory (I) b. Optic (II) c. Oculomotor (III) d. Trochlear (IV) e. Trigeminal (V)

ab. Abducens (VI) ac. Facial (VII) ad. Vestibulocochlear (VIII) ae. Glossopharyngeal (IX)

bc. Vagus (X) bd. Accessory (XI) be. Hypoglossal

* Damage to this nerve might make you feel dizzy and nauseous

* Smoking, cocaine use, or a sinus infection may impair this nerve

* Clenching your teeth when you’re angry or stressed stimulates this nerve

* “Bearing down”, such as during defecation or lifting heavy objects stimulates this nerve

* Damage to this nerve would make it difficult to pronounce words like “lamellae” or “titillating” or “nonsense”

* Able to detect the taste of chocolate-covered pretzels

* Stimulated to help you see better in bright light

* Its function can be tested by using a tongue depressor to touch the uvula or tonsils