Osmosis and Tonicity experiment:

Red blood cells prefer an isotonic (isosmotic) environment. What happens to red blood cells place into a hypertonic (hyperosmotic) environment? Why is that bad for a patient?

What happens to red blood cells placed into a hypotonic (hypoosmotic) environment? Why is that bad for a patient?

Select all that apply:

The interstitial substance of bone matrix:

A. includes an organic portion that makes up approximately one third of the matrix.

B. contains an organic protein portion that is produced and secreted by osteoblasts.

C. contains an inorganic portion of calcium phosphate crystals, known as hydroxyapatite.

D. requires the deposition of the organic matrix, the osteoid before the inorganic salts can be deposited.

E. may incorporate cations that are chemically similar to calcium, including heavy metal ions.

Write out and describe the dynamic equilibrium that occurs between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in your blood.

Which of the following is true concerning the development of the nervous system after birth?

a) the hypothalamus is the last CNS structure to mature

b) anencephaly is normally easily corrected.

c) most people, after age 65 are actually exhibiting signs of true senility.

d) all of these are false.

Describe how the blood flows through the heart (similar to a circuit), include each step using the medical terms . Describe how and why blood needs to be sent to the lungs and why it is then sent back to the heart.

Draw diagrams of the human brain from different aspects, labeling the location, function and Brodmann’s areas of all the listed cerebral cortex regions.

a 64-year-old man living in Flagstaff, AZ. He with his dog to play in the back yard. Upon a missed catch by the dog, he ventured towards a stream where the toy landed.  Unfortunately, he took a spill and got a minor cut on his right forearm. He cleaned his wound and covered it with a bandage. A few hours later he noticed that the area around the wound had started to swell. He decided to make a visit to his physician to have it checked out. Initially, he received a triple antibiotic ointment to apply to the superficial skin wounds as well as general cleaning and bandaging of the wound. He was then sent home. The next day, he woke early and experienced continued swelling as well as pain with blistering, warmth to the touch in the area where his forearm was cut, and what appeared to be a spreading red rash. He also was experiencing a fever of 101.1 F immediately made another appointment with his physician to address the issue.

1. Which layers of tissue in the skin may be damaged from a cut or scrape on the surface of the body? Describe the specific layers that may be involved.
2. What are the functions of the skin as it pertains to the immune system? Explain.
3. What is a differential diagnosis?
4. Research his symptoms and determine a differential diagnosis by listing at least two different possible conditions that match some or all of his symptoms. Justify why you selected each of the conditions on your list.
5. Explain the distinction between signs and symptoms. What are his signs and symptoms?
6. If you were his physician what tests might you perform in order to find signs related to his condition to help you determine a diagnosis? List and describe two specific clinical tests that might provide helpful information.

Case: Rollie Hendrix is a 35-year-old husband and father of three children. Over the past six months he has experienced headaches and palpitations of increasing frequency and severity. In addition, he has periods of intense anxiety and panic attacks. His wife Arlene has noticed that Rollie’s face is often pale and that he sweats more. Upon examination by his physician, Rollie was found to be severely hypertensive and in atrial fibrillation. Rollie’s physician suspected that he might have a Pheochromocytoma and ordered a battery of tests, which confirmed his diagnosis.

What is a Pheochromocytoma? Explain the cardiovascular effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine when they bind to adrenergic receptor types. Why are patients with a pheochromocytoma often hyperglycemic, sweat excessively, and be constipated? How should Rollie be treated (Do not put the obvious answer to remove tumor)?

Is there gender differences in the neuronal representation of language?

Describe the functional anatomy of the kidneys.

Write a few sentences comparing bulk flow in the glomerular capillaries to other systemic capillaries.

Describe primary and secondary active transport. What does it mean that they are active? What is the difference between primary and secondary transport? How do you determine what flows which direction from the components in the apical (lumen) and basolateral (interstitial) side?

How do you solve problems with the glomerular filtration rate, renal threshold, transport maxima, and excretion rates? Why does it matter?

Describe the structures of excretion and the function of each in the process.

What is the effect of prenatal testosterone experience on sexual behavior? Study of homosexuals: what is the probability of a monozygotic twin being a homosexual. For a dizygotic twin? List the differences between "tournament" and "pair-bonding" species

Describe the primary language areas of the brain. Include its anatomical location, function, Brodmann’s area, interconnections with other brain regions and the consequences of a lesion in each area.

What is a digestive reflex? Why are they important for efficient digestion of nutrients? Examples of how the digestive system responds to stimuli to get ready to break down the food that we eat into digestible molecules?

Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow. Submit your answers to this Dropbox.

The Case of the Coughing Housewife

Jessica, a fifty-nine year old mother of four, moved from a ranch in Colorado to Los Angeles, after the death of her husband, to be closer to her oldest son and his family. She has been in Los Angeles for 18 months and has noticed that she is experiencing shortness of breath which has worsened over the last six months. For the last week, she has been coughing and bringing up yellow mucus. She also noticed swelling in her ankles so she decided to visit a physician about her condition.

Jessica's family and medical history include a negative history of asthma or allergies, lack of occupational or home exposure to asbestos, a previous smoking history (one package of cigarettes per day between the ages of 16 and 52), episodes of bronchitis, treated with antibiotics on an outpatient basis, and a positive history of heart disease (father at 52 and brother at 56). Jessica has no history of serious illness, including heart disease, and her weight is within five pounds of her "desired" weight. She usually coughs in the morning to "clear her throat", but there is usually only a small amount of white mucus.

Her nurse practitioner conducts a general physical examination with the following results. Jessica's skin is normal (no rashes or cyanosis) and her nervous system is functioning normally. Her body temperature was 98.4°F while her pulse was regular at 95 beats per minute with an occasional premature beat. Jessica's blood pressure was within normal limits, however her jugular veins were slightly distended. Her respiratory rate was 28 breaths per minute; she breathed with pursed lips and used her accessory respiratory muscles more than would be expected. Jessica presented with a barrel chest and mild dyspnea when climbing onto the examination table. When listening to her breathing, the nurse practitioner noticed that Jessica had prolonged expiration accompanied by expiratory wheezes. Evaluation of her abdomen indicated no masses or tenderness, but she presented with both hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. All of her extremities were normal with the exception of bilaterally pedal edema.

Based on these results, the nurse practitioner suspected a pulmonary disorder and, after consultation with a physician, ordered laboratory tests (blood and sputum), spirometry and chest x-rays. The results of the laboratory tests were as follows: plasma bicarbonate = 38 mEq/L, hematocrit = 49%, white blood cell count = 9000, pH = 7.38; PaCO2 = 56, and PaO2 = 54. Analysis of the sputum sample indicated the presence of epithelial cells, polymorphonucleocytes and gram positive diplococci. Jessica's 1 second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) was 1.5 L/sec and her forced vital capacity (FVC) was 4 L. These values were 40% and 83% of normal, respectively. Results of the chest x-ray indicated scarring and hyperinflation of the lungs.

The results of these tests coupled with the physical examination and history lead to a diagnosis of emphysema. Jessica was prescribed antibiotics for the infection and oxygen by nose as well as a β2-agonist nebulizer as an acute treatment and requested to stay for observation and stabilization. After Jessica's condition was stabilized she was discharged and given a prescription for an inhaler containing a β2-agonist to be used as needed. She was also encouraged to exercise regularly and follow the nutritional guidelines she was given. Jessica was also informed that if the symptoms either worsened or did not lessen within the next week, to return and her treatment would be reevaluated and would possibly include nocturnal oxygen and an inhaler containing corticosteroids.

Questions:

1. What risk factors and symptoms did Jessica present with prior to the physical examination that suggested a pulmonary disorder?
   
2. How did the physical examination, chest x-ray, and spirometry confirm this hypothesis?
   
3. Identify the muscles involved in respiration.
   
4. How are these muscles responsible for the process of ventilation?
   
5. If her condition does not progress, why would corticosteroids be used in the inhaler?

Multiple Choice

1. The mechanisms of nerve impulse transmission include:

a. Decrease in Na⁺ permeability → Repolarization → Na⁺ influx stops → Depolarization

b.  Resting potential → Depolarization → Repolarization → Resting potential

c. Resting potential → Repolarization → Depolarization → Resting potential

d. Myelinization of fibers → decrease action potential → resting potential

2. An animal has a genetic mutation in the gene coding for rhodopsin and phtopsin. What would be the phenotypic outcome of this particular animal?

a. the animal will have normal vision

b. The animal will have normal vision during the day but lack of adaptation in dark conditions

c. The animal will have normal vision during the night but lack of vision in light conditions

d. The animal will have vision problems regardless of the light or dark conditions

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