​​​​​​​20-25

1. Blocking sodium ion channels in a pain sensory neuron would likely:
   1. increase the pain a person was experiencing
   2. increase the amount of neurotransmitter released at the synapse
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

2. Arachnoid mater is:
   1. deep to pia mater
   2. superficial to dura mater
   3. part of the meninges
   4. none of the above is correct

3. A branching network of nerves is called a:
   1. plexus
   2. synapse
   3. ganglion
   4. reflex arc

4. Dermatomes are:
   1. particular areas of skin supplied by spinal nerves
   2. the common name for somatosensory pili
   3. overgrowths of basal cells in the epidermis
   4. the anatomical term for corpuscles of light touch

5. The dorsal root ganglia:
   1. have sensory neurons
   2. have motor neurons
   3. have interneurons
   4. each of the above is correct

6. Motor neurons:
   1. send signals directly to glands (like sweat glands)
   2. receive neurotransmitters that bind and cause IPSPs or EPSPs
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

26-31

1. A reflex arc:
   1. includes a sensory neuron
   2. includes a motor neuron
   3. does not involve the brain
   4. each of the above is correct

2. The patellar tendon reflex (as done in class):
   1. involves a stretch receptor in the quadriceps
   2. involves an inhibitory response in the biceps femoris
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

3. Cranial Nerve VIII is the:
   1. vestibulocochlear nerve
   2. spinal accessory nerve
   3. abducens nerve
   4. facial nerve

4. The precentral gyrus:
   1. sends motor signals to the arms and thighs
   2. receives sensory signals from the face and forehead
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

5. The cerebrum includes regions that interpret action potentials related to:
   1. movement of limbs
   2. vision
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

6. The parasympathetic nervous system is involved in:
   1. digestion
   2. heart rate
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

Describe the descending motor pathways from primary motor cortex to (but not including) muscles and the functional or behavioral distinctions of those pathways.

Describe the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators involved in arousal and sleep, where the come from in the brain, where they project to in the brain, and what they do.

Somatosensation is more than one thing. How many sub-senses are there in the sense of touch (not including temperature, kinesthesia and proprioception)? What are the receptors for each of these and what are the distinguishing characteristics of each receptor or channel?

a 68 year old Male presents to the e m.j Regency department with complainants of a 2- day history of difficulty breathing, cough, a d chest pain. Upon triage assessment, the patient is found to have a fever, increased work of breathing, decreased oxygen saturation, and crackers upon asculation of the lungs. A chest x ray reveals considation in the right upper ly g field. The patient is diagnosed with pneumonia, initiated on oxygen therapy, and admitted for observation and treatment. As The RN, you document t the care and assessment of the patient in the chart prior to transfer to an inpatient unit. what is the most appropriate term for the clinical manifestation of disease as reported by the patient?

• Why is the chimp different from the human brain case (the part of the skull containing the brain)?
• How is the chimp different from the human in terms of the teeth?
• How is the chimp different from the human in terms of the face, including the jaws?
• What similarities do you see in the skull anatomy, if any, between humans and the chimp's?

Why is an elastic aorta important for the velocity in capillaries ?

Describe the differences between Arteries and Veins. Detail the movement of blood and their structural differences. Tell me what are 3 causes of high blood pressure and then tell me how this can cause other health related issues in our bodies physiologically. What would you tell your friend or family member if they had high blood pressure to help them understand why they needed to change their behavior?

Compare and contrast 2 types of joints in the skeletal system (i.e. ginglymus versus ball-and-socket: how does each one move, where are they found, etc).

Define and discuss a pathology involving each of your choices (i.e. arthritis, fracture, etc).

Briefly give an example - personal, professional, or from a published source - of a patient case for each of the pathologies.

Classify leukocytes according to their lineage, their main structural features, and their primary functions

1.According to your group data, how does NaCl and/or water intake influence urine production?

These are the data:

we explore how consuming various amounts of water and electrolytes cause changes in urine volume produced, urine sodium concentration, and urine osmolarity. In the following groups, urine is collected at 30 minute intervals: In response to drinking 1L of water. In response to eating pretzels containing 1g of NaCl. In response to drinking 1L of water and eating pretzels containing 1g of NaCl.

2. Explain the relation between osmolarity and sodium chloride concentration.

3. Predict the osmolarity of a 0.05 M solution of MgCl2.

1. Digestion & Absorption

   1. Identify the enzymes that work to chemically digest each of the three macronutrients present in a well- balanced diet.

      1. Name the enzymes.

      2. What cells or organs produce them?

      3. Where they are first present in the alimentary canal?

   2. For each macronutrient in (a), what type of vessel does the digested product get absorbed into?