You will provide a summary of the respiratory system from the perspective of inhaled air. Your description should include:

- An organized progression of travel. What organs does the air travel through? What types of tissues and structures are seen within them? What purposes do those structures serve?

- Orientation of those organs within the body using correct directional and regional terminology. For example - it is not adequate to say that air is inhaled via the nose, you should include a description of where the nose is found and where air will progress (i.e. Air is inhaled via the nares in the facial region, and progresses posterior through the nasal cavity towards the naso-pharynx.)

A young woman is snorkeling and (as an observant physiology student) you understand that she must increase her tidal volume and/or her breathing frequency to maintain her alveolar ventilation rate. Why?

What is the mechanism of gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries? Compare the gas pressures in the pulmonary capillaries to the gas pressures in the alveoli, in a normal person at rest.

Should the Addictions be Treated with Pharmaceutical Agents? Although he is a physician, Breggin (2008) has long been a critic of the pharmaceutical industry. For example, he observed that “Drug companies heavily promote the unproven speculation that the problems they treat are biological in origin and result from biochemical imbalances.” This is, as he points out, an unproven hypothesis. It appears to be right, but sometimes the accepted theory is proven to be absolutely wrong. For example, 50 years ago every physician knew that stomach ulcers were caused by stress. The standard treatment was antacids and possibly tranquilizers. Now it is known that the vast majority of ulcers are caused by bacterial infections in the wall of the stomach and the standard treatment is a course of antibiotics and antacids to help the stomach lining heal. The “biochemical imbalance” is not automatically correct, it is just the most promising theory developed to date. However, nobody knows what a normal neurochemical balance in the brain actually is, much less how to achieve that balance. In spite of their “we’re here to help” public image, pharmaceutical companies want to sell you more pharmaceuticals so they make a profit (Breggin, 2008). Through media campaigns, they attempt to make physicians and the general public believe they need pharmaceuticals to deal with life’s problems. While this is not to dismiss the benefit of certain medications in the treatment of certain disorders (such as hypertension, for example), do we need medications to deal with all of life’s problems? People have found ways to cope with the problems of living for 10,000 generations before the rise of the pharmaceutical industry. Why do they suddenly need medications to cope? There is a rather interesting paradox inherent in the pharmaceutical treatment of a substance use disorder, in that we attempt to medicate hypothetical chemical imbalances in the brain, the exact nature of which we do not understand, with pharmaceuticals whose effects we also do not fully understand. It is important to keep in mind that although marketed as treatments for specific conditions, the psychopharmaceuticals have a blanket effect on the entire brain, not just the one subsystem that is hypothetically malfunctioning. As a result, other pharmaceutical agents are also used to treat various forms of mental illness side-effects such as drowsiness, ataxia, etc. Breggin (2008) suggested that some of psychopharmaceuticals in use today cause lifelong damage to the brain. The basic premise of psychopharmaceuticals is that they disrupt the function of the brain, hopefully in a more normal manner. The premise is the same for alcohol and for the drugs of abuse, although they usually seek euphoria. Surprisingly, from this perspective, it is possible to argue that the substance use disorders are attempts at self-medication by the abuser. However, we know so little about the normal function of the brain that neither the current generation of psychopharmaceuticals nor any of the drugs of abuse are able to selectively dampen the function of just one region of the brain (Breggin, 2008). The medications impair the function of every region of the brain to some degree, leaving the question of whether they have “cured” the disorder, or just immobilized it behind a chemical straight jacket, unanswered. These effects are “...then interpreted (or misinterpreted) as improvements” (Breggin, 2008, p. 1). When alcohol or illicit drugs are abused, the biochemistry of the individual’s entire brain is also affected, although it might only be observed in one domain of neurological function. Although the reader might question the relevance of this discussion to the addictions, it is important to remember that the substance use disorders (SUDs) have been classified as medical disorders. The pharmaceutical companies are searching for medications that can be used to treat the SUDs, and already existing medications are often being used “off label” to treat alcohol and illicit drug addiction. (Note: “Off label” is a term that refers to the application of a pharmaceutical to a disorder for which it has not been identified as an effective treatment by the FDA.)

1. Are treatments using the pharmaceutical agents described above an improvement over the damage drugs of abuse cause to the brain? Why or why not?

2 . Many patients neither want, nor will they accept, pharmacotherapy for their substance use disorders (Harris, Kivlahan, Bowe, & Humphreys, 2010). Imagine science discovers a compound that will eliminate the individual’s “craving” for alcohol or another drug of abuse with 100 percent certainty. Do we, as a society, have the right to force such treatments on a patient, even if they are effective? Who should be able to decide what medications an addict receives to help him or her escape from the addiction?

3.Are the SUDs medical disorders, behavioral disorders that affect the body (e.g., obesity), or a legal problem? Why? What implications does your answer have for how the disorder/problem is treated?

4.Do you believe that the SUDs should be treated with pharmaceutical agents? Why or why not?

What does VE/VCO2 and VE/VO2 mean?

Does anaerobic threshold occur at the same time as lactate threshold?

Please answer ALL QUESTIONS

Question 9- What is a greater factor in determining breath hold time?

oxygen levels or CO2 levels

Question 14: How can kidneys increase the pH in your blood?

a. excrete CO2

b.excrete H+ ions

c. xcrete HCO3- ions

d. Increase O2

Question 18: what is the next smallest tube after bronchioles in the lungs?

question 22:What cell in the lungs secretes alveolar fluid and surfactant?

a.type 2 cells

b. alveolar macrophages

c.type 1 cells

Describe the function of two non-neural optical structures of the visual system. Also, describe resulting visual impairments if each of these structures is damaged.

How does alcoholism affect the body's nutritional status?

1) Why would the anterior portion of the nose be cartilage instead of bone?

2) Some elderly patients have difficulty swallowing and closing their epiglottis. Would this cause any potential problems in the respiratory system?

3) What are the two things shown or implied in slide 26 that work together for a particular goal? What is their purpose? If either is not performing, would performance be compromised?

4) Slide 40 shows emphysema reducing the total surface area of the alveoli. Where else have we seen surface area being important in A&P?

5) OPTIONAL Draw two close segments of the lung (schematically) and draw why infections going from one to another are somewhat inhibited because of the anatomy. Draw the same two area but without being contained in segments and draw why an infection can go more easily from one of the regions to the other region.

6) Referring to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve (slide 76), would a healthy patient benefit from breathing in a higher percentage of O2 such as when visiting an “oxygen bar”. Would there potentially be any benefit via a different route than hemoglobin (but isn’t)?

7) Relate the three factors affecting the affinity of Hb for O2 on slide 77, to exercise. Does each have any connection to exercise?

8) Since a person always needs oxygen, why would the bronchioles have the ability to contract at all? Why would the trachea not have that ability?

Which of the following statements concerning alveoli would be correct?SELECT ALL THAT APPLY!!

a.Pulmonary surfactant of the alveoli is secreted by Type II alveolar cells.

b.When intra-alveolar pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure expiration will occur.

c.The walls of the alveoli are very thin and are surrounded by a network of capillaries so that air and blood are separated by only a very thin respiratory membrane.

d.Alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the lungs.e.The wall of the alveoli is composed primarily of simple squamous epithelium.

Approximately 50% of pregnancies in the United States are unintended. In thinking about embryology, why is this a significant public health concern?

What may account for differences in force production at higher velocities between the three subjects for both concentric and eccentric muscle contractions? What implications does this have for real life actions/movements?

How does chronic alcohol abuse impact the body's elimination process?