Describe the flow through the tract of the digestive system starting at the mouth (oral cavity) , make sure to include all accessory structures digestive enzymes(make sure to mention what they break down carbs/lipids/protein) and the accessory structures.

What portions of our innate defenses does SARS-CoV-2 (or pneumococcal pneumonia) either avoid, overwhelm, or activate. Explain.

Describe two factors that affect iron absorption.

Predict what effect each of these venoms would have had on the muscle contractions of the biventer cervicis muscle. Remember to justify your answer

Venoms and Reactions -

1.      Redback spider (Latrodectus hasseltii) – contains a toxin which forms pores in the cell membrane of neurons, allowing the influx of Ca²⁺ into the nerve terminal

2.      Blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata) – contains a toxin which blocks voltage-gated Na⁺ channels

3.      Funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) - contains a toxin which causes delayed inactivation of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels

4.      Tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) – contains a toxin which prevents ACh binding to nAChRs on muscle fibres

You’re on an airplane and the plane begins to shake due to wind turbulence causing you to become nervous and start hyperventilating. How would this hyperventilation affect your body? Draw the pathway, starting with the chemoreceptors, that would depict your body’s response. For review purposes, label the stimulus(i), sensor(s), integrating center(s), effector(s), and physiological response(s).

Select ALL That Apply

.Osteoclasts:

A.are derived from osteoblast, the osteogenic cells of developing bone.

B.are giant, multinucleated cells with several nuclei and produce a secretion rich in acid phosphatase.

C.are essential for stabilizing the blood calcium level during chronic blood hypocalcemia.

D.are derived from osteogenic cells

E.only occur in regions of developing bone.

****

Control of calcium metabolism is accomplished by the effect of several hormone on several different organs. Which of the following is true concerning the control of calcium metabolism?

A.PTH (parathyroid hormone) causes an increase in plasma calcium by its actions on bone and the kidney.

B.Calcitriolcauses an increase in absorption of calcium from the lumen of the digestive tract.

C.Calcitonin causes a decrease in plasma calcium by suppression bone resorption.

D.When plasma calcium increases, PTH decreases and calcitonin increases.

E.PTH can rapidly increase plasma calcium level by its action on the osteocytic membrane system.

***

.Which of the following statements would be true concerningcompounds involved in calcium metabolism?

A.The most life-threating consequence of hypocalcemia is reduced blood clotting.

B.Vitamin D can be synthesized from a cholesterol derivative in the skin when exposed to sunlight.

C.PTH facilitates the activation of vitamin D which is necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphate in the gut.

D.1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol is the carrier protein for calcium in the blood.

E.The most rapid response to hypocalcemia is the activation of the osteocytic membrane system by PTH.  

****

.Endochondral bone:

A.development proceeds from masses of hyaline cartilage with shapes similar to future bony structures.

B.growth proceeds from a specialized region at the ends of the diaphys is called the epiphyseal plate.

C.is first laid down as a membrane like layer of primitive connective tissue that remains soft and membrane like throughout life.

D.is derived from the articular cartilage of the epiphysis.

E.is composed of only compact bone and cannot form the cancellous (spongy) bone found the epiphysis of long bone.

Scenario: DW is a 65-year-old, 135 kg male who visited his primary care physician for a routine examination. His blood pressure was 158/100 mmHg and his heart rate was 71 bpm. Stroke volume and cardiac output were normal. Serum renin levels were in the normal range. A chest x-ray revealed left ventricular hypertrophy. Other clinical findings were unremarkable.

For this problem, pharmacologic therapies include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, and vasodilators. Explain the physiological effects on the cardiovascular system for each of these 4 classes of drugs and why these could be helpful.

In the description of the case, serum renin is said to be in normal range. Elevated renin would indicate that vasoconstrictor hormone angiotensin II is elevated. Assume that this case indicated renin is elevated, and predict that angiotensin II would also be elevated. How would this hormone affect blood pressure?

Scenario: DW is a 65-year-old, 135 kg male who visited his primary care physician for a routine examination. His blood pressure was 158/100 mmHg and his heart rate was 71 bpm. Stroke volume and cardiac output were normal. Serum renin levels were in the normal range. A chest x-ray revealed left ventricular hypertrophy. Other clinical findings were unremarkable.

describe the following terms related to cardiovascular physiology, and explain where they occur in the cardiac cycle. (Do not describe them related to this patient. Just describe and explain them for normal physiology): preload, end-diastolic volume, contractility, turbulent flow, venous return

Why is the case talking about ventricular hypertrophy rather than atrial hypertrophy?

Scenario: DW is a 65-year-old, 135 kg male who visited his primary care physician for a routine examination. His blood pressure was 158/100 mmHg and his heart rate was 71 bpm. Stroke volume and cardiac output were normal. Serum renin levels were in the normal range. A chest x-ray revealed left ventricular hypertrophy. Other clinical findings were unremarkable.

Given the 3 hemodynamic factors responsible for determining blood pressure - CO, resistance and volume - which one of them is responsible for the elevated blood pressure in this patient? Why did you choose this one over the other two?

What is left ventricular hypertrophy? Why is it only on the left side? In this patient, what would you predict to be the physiological cause of the left ventricular hypertrophy

1. Can cardiac muscle tissue regenerate? What happens to this tissue after a heart attack? When and how does cardiac muscle tissue contract?

2. When and how does smooth muscle tissue contract? Can skeletal muscle tissue regenerate? When and how does skeletal muscle tissue contract?

Highlight and name the origin and insertion areas for the; adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis. Then, show their primary and secondary (and tertiary if they have three functions) functions/movements they produce

A 35-year-old man presents to the emergency department with complaints of chest pain. The pain improves by leaning forward. On review, he has noted a flu-like illness over the last several days including fever, runny nose and cough. Upon further investigation his blood test indicates signs/parameters for infection. He denies tobacco, alcohol or drug use. His head and neck examination is notable for clear mucus in the nasal passages. However, his jugular venous pressure is high. Also, during his cardiac examination a high pitched squeaky sound/knock is heard. Abdominal and extremity examinations are normal.

1) What is the likely diagnosis of this patient?(1 mark) CLO4 and 6

2) What is the pathogenesis process that lead to the development of this condition and what complications can occur? (1 mark) CLO2 and 4

3) What is the cause of this disease in this patient? (1 mark) CLO2 and 4

4) What other conditions could cause the same clinical scenario in a patient of this age? (1 mark)CLO2 and 4

1. "compare the fate of the various reproductive tissues under the influence of testosterone or estrogen."

2. "Describe the events of lactation including roles of hormones in milk production and release."

1. How does growth hormone act on target tissues?